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import abc import builtins import collections import collections.abc import contextlib import enum import functools import inspect import io import keyword import operator import sys import types as _types import typing import warnings # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/119891 if sys.version_info >= (3, 14): import annotationlib __all__ = [ # Super-special typing primitives. 'Any', 'ClassVar', 'Concatenate', 'Final', 'LiteralString', 'ParamSpec', 'ParamSpecArgs', 'ParamSpecKwargs', 'Self', 'Type', 'TypeVar', 'TypeVarTuple', 'Unpack', # ABCs (from collections.abc). 'Awaitable', 'AsyncIterator', 'AsyncIterable', 'Coroutine', 'AsyncGenerator', 'AsyncContextManager', 'Buffer', 'ChainMap', # Concrete collection types. 'ContextManager', 'Counter', 'Deque', 'DefaultDict', 'NamedTuple', 'OrderedDict', 'TypedDict', # Structural checks, a.k.a. protocols. 'SupportsAbs', 'SupportsBytes', 'SupportsComplex', 'SupportsFloat', 'SupportsIndex', 'SupportsInt', 'SupportsRound', 'Reader', 'Writer', # One-off things. 'Annotated', 'assert_never', 'assert_type', 'clear_overloads', 'dataclass_transform', 'deprecated', 'disjoint_base', 'Doc', 'evaluate_forward_ref', 'get_overloads', 'final', 'Format', 'get_annotations', 'get_args', 'get_origin', 'get_original_bases', 'get_protocol_members', 'get_type_hints', 'IntVar', 'is_protocol', 'is_typeddict', 'Literal', 'NewType', 'overload', 'override', 'Protocol', 'Sentinel', 'reveal_type', 'runtime', 'runtime_checkable', 'Text', 'TypeAlias', 'TypeAliasType', 'TypeForm', 'TypeGuard', 'TypeIs', 'TYPE_CHECKING', 'type_repr', 'Never', 'NoReturn', 'ReadOnly', 'Required', 'NotRequired', 'NoDefault', 'NoExtraItems', # Pure aliases, have always been in typing 'AbstractSet', 'AnyStr', 'BinaryIO', 'Callable', 'Collection', 'Container', 'Dict', 'ForwardRef', 'FrozenSet', 'Generator', 'Generic', 'Hashable', 'IO', 'ItemsView', 'Iterable', 'Iterator', 'KeysView', 'List', 'Mapping', 'MappingView', 'Match', 'MutableMapping', 'MutableSequence', 'MutableSet', 'Optional', 'Pattern', 'Reversible', 'Sequence', 'Set', 'Sized', 'TextIO', 'Tuple', 'Union', 'ValuesView', 'cast', 'no_type_check', 'no_type_check_decorator', ] # for backward compatibility PEP_560 = True GenericMeta = type # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/116129 _PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED = sys.version_info >= (3, 13, 0, "beta") # Added with bpo-45166 to 3.10.1+ and some 3.9 versions _FORWARD_REF_HAS_CLASS = "__forward_is_class__" in typing.ForwardRef.__slots__ # The functions below are modified copies of typing internal helpers. # They are needed by _ProtocolMeta and they provide support for PEP 646. class _Sentinel: def __repr__(self): return "<sentinel>" _marker = _Sentinel() # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/27342 if sys.version_info >= (3, 10): def _should_collect_from_parameters(t): return isinstance( t, (typing._GenericAlias, _types.GenericAlias, _types.UnionType) ) else: def _should_collect_from_parameters(t): return isinstance(t, (typing._GenericAlias, _types.GenericAlias)) NoReturn = typing.NoReturn # Some unconstrained type variables. These are used by the container types. # (These are not for export.) T = typing.TypeVar('T') # Any type. KT = typing.TypeVar('KT') # Key type. VT = typing.TypeVar('VT') # Value type. T_co = typing.TypeVar('T_co', covariant=True) # Any type covariant containers. T_contra = typing.TypeVar('T_contra', contravariant=True) # Ditto contravariant. # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/31841 if sys.version_info >= (3, 11): from typing import Any else: class _AnyMeta(type): def __instancecheck__(self, obj): if self is Any: raise TypeError("typing_extensions.Any cannot be used with isinstance()") return super().__instancecheck__(obj) def __repr__(self): if self is Any: return "typing_extensions.Any" return super().__repr__() class Any(metaclass=_AnyMeta): """Special type indicating an unconstrained type. - Any is compatible with every type. - Any assumed to have all methods. - All values assumed to be instances of Any. Note that all the above statements are true from the point of view of static type checkers. At runtime, Any should not be used with instance checks. """ def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if cls is Any: raise TypeError("Any cannot be instantiated") return super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) ClassVar = typing.ClassVar # Vendored from cpython typing._SpecialFrom # Having a separate class means that instances will not be rejected by # typing._type_check. class _SpecialForm(typing._Final, _root=True): __slots__ = ('_name', '__doc__', '_getitem') def __init__(self, getitem): self._getitem = getitem self._name = getitem.__name__ self.__doc__ = getitem.__doc__ def __getattr__(self, item): if item in {'__name__', '__qualname__'}: return self._name raise AttributeError(item) def __mro_entries__(self, bases): raise TypeError(f"Cannot subclass {self!r}") def __repr__(self): return f'typing_extensions.{self._name}' def __reduce__(self): return self._name def __call__(self, *args, **kwds): raise TypeError(f"Cannot instantiate {self!r}") def __or__(self, other): return typing.Union[self, other] def __ror__(self, other): return typing.Union[other, self] def __instancecheck__(self, obj): raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with isinstance()") def __subclasscheck__(self, cls): raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with issubclass()") @typing._tp_cache def __getitem__(self, parameters): return self._getitem(self, parameters) # Note that inheriting from this class means that the object will be # rejected by typing._type_check, so do not use it if the special form # is arguably valid as a type by itself. class _ExtensionsSpecialForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True): def __repr__(self): return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name Final = typing.Final # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/30530 if sys.version_info >= (3, 11): final = typing.final else: # @final exists in 3.8+, but we backport it for all versions # before 3.11 to keep support for the __final__ attribute. # See https://bugs.python.org/issue46342 def final(f): """This decorator can be used to indicate to type checkers that the decorated method cannot be overridden, and decorated class cannot be subclassed. For example: class Base: @final def done(self) -> None: ... class Sub(Base): def done(self) -> None: # Error reported by type checker ... @final class Leaf: ... class Other(Leaf): # Error reported by type checker ... There is no runtime checking of these properties. The decorator sets the ``__final__`` attribute to ``True`` on the decorated object to allow runtime introspection. """ try: f.__final__ = True except (AttributeError, TypeError): # Skip the attribute silently if it is not writable. # AttributeError happens if the object has __slots__ or a # read-only property, TypeError if it's a builtin class. pass return f if hasattr(typing, "disjoint_base"): # 3.15 disjoint_base = typing.disjoint_base else: def disjoint_base(cls): """This decorator marks a class as a disjoint base. Child classes of a disjoint base cannot inherit from other disjoint bases that are not parent classes of the disjoint base. For example: @disjoint_base class Disjoint1: pass @disjoint_base class Disjoint2: pass class Disjoint3(Disjoint1, Disjoint2): pass # Type checker error Type checkers can use knowledge of disjoint bases to detect unreachable code and determine when two types can overlap. See PEP 800.""" cls.__disjoint_base__ = True return cls def IntVar(name): return typing.TypeVar(name) # A Literal bug was fixed in 3.11.0, 3.10.1 and 3.9.8 # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/29334 if sys.version_info >= (3, 10, 1): Literal = typing.Literal else: def _flatten_literal_params(parameters): """An internal helper for Literal creation: flatten Literals among parameters""" params = [] for p in parameters: if isinstance(p, _LiteralGenericAlias): params.extend(p.__args__) else: params.append(p) return tuple(params) def _value_and_type_iter(params): for p in params: yield p, type(p) class _LiteralGenericAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True): def __eq__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, _LiteralGenericAlias): return NotImplemented these_args_deduped = set(_value_and_type_iter(self.__args__)) other_args_deduped = set(_value_and_type_iter(other.__args__)) return these_args_deduped == other_args_deduped def __hash__(self): return hash(frozenset(_value_and_type_iter(self.__args__))) class _LiteralForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True): def __init__(self, doc: str): self._name = 'Literal' self._doc = self.__doc__ = doc def __getitem__(self, parameters): if not isinstance(parameters, tuple): parameters = (parameters,) parameters = _flatten_literal_params(parameters) val_type_pairs = list(_value_and_type_iter(parameters)) try: deduped_pairs = set(val_type_pairs) except TypeError: # unhashable parameters pass else: # similar logic to typing._deduplicate on Python 3.9+ if len(deduped_pairs) < len(val_type_pairs): new_parameters = [] for pair in val_type_pairs: if pair in deduped_pairs: new_parameters.append(pair[0]) deduped_pairs.remove(pair) assert not deduped_pairs, deduped_pairs parameters = tuple(new_parameters) return _LiteralGenericAlias(self, parameters) Literal = _LiteralForm(doc="""\ A type that can be used to indicate to type checkers that the corresponding value has a value literally equivalent to the provided parameter. For example: var: Literal[4] = 4 The type checker understands that 'var' is literally equal to the value 4 and no other value. Literal[...] cannot be subclassed. There is no runtime checking verifying that the parameter is actually a value instead of a type.""") _overload_dummy = typing._overload_dummy if hasattr(typing, "get_overloads"): # 3.11+ overload = typing.overload get_overloads = typing.get_overloads clear_overloads = typing.clear_overloads else: # {module: {qualname: {firstlineno: func}}} _overload_registry = collections.defaultdict( functools.partial(collections.defaultdict, dict) ) def overload(func): """Decorator for overloaded functions/methods. In a stub file, place two or more stub definitions for the same function in a row, each decorated with @overload. For example: @overload def utf8(value: None) -> None: ... @overload def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ... @overload def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ... In a non-stub file (i.e. a regular .py file), do the same but follow it with an implementation. The implementation should *not* be decorated with @overload. For example: @overload def utf8(value: None) -> None: ... @overload def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ... @overload def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ... def utf8(value): # implementation goes here The overloads for a function can be retrieved at runtime using the get_overloads() function. """ # classmethod and staticmethod f = getattr(func, "__func__", func) try: _overload_registry[f.__module__][f.__qualname__][ f.__code__.co_firstlineno ] = func except AttributeError: # Not a normal function; ignore. pass return _overload_dummy def get_overloads(func): """Return all defined overloads for *func* as a sequence.""" # classmethod and staticmethod f = getattr(func, "__func__", func) if f.__module__ not in _overload_registry: return [] mod_dict = _overload_registry[f.__module__] if f.__qualname__ not in mod_dict: return [] return list(mod_dict[f.__qualname__].values()) def clear_overloads(): """Clear all overloads in the registry.""" _overload_registry.clear() # This is not a real generic class. Don't use outside annotations. Type = typing.Type # Various ABCs mimicking those in collections.abc. # A few are simply re-exported for completeness. Awaitable = typing.Awaitable Coroutine = typing.Coroutine AsyncIterable = typing.AsyncIterable AsyncIterator = typing.AsyncIterator Deque = typing.Deque DefaultDict = typing.DefaultDict OrderedDict = typing.OrderedDict Counter = typing.Counter ChainMap = typing.ChainMap Text = typing.Text TYPE_CHECKING = typing.TYPE_CHECKING # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/118681 if sys.version_info >= (3, 13, 0, "beta"): from typing import AsyncContextManager, AsyncGenerator, ContextManager, Generator else: def _is_dunder(attr): return attr.startswith('__') and attr.endswith('__') class _SpecialGenericAlias(typing._SpecialGenericAlias, _root=True): def __init__(self, origin, nparams, *, inst=True, name=None, defaults=()): super().__init__(origin, nparams, inst=inst, name=name) self._defaults = defaults def __setattr__(self, attr, val): allowed_attrs = {'_name', '_inst', '_nparams', '_defaults'} if _is_dunder(attr) or attr in allowed_attrs: object.__setattr__(self, attr, val) else: setattr(self.__origin__, attr, val) @typing._tp_cache def __getitem__(self, params): if not isinstance(params, tuple): params = (params,) msg = "Parameters to generic types must be types." params = tuple(typing._type_check(p, msg) for p in params) if ( self._defaults and len(params) < self._nparams and len(params) + len(self._defaults) >= self._nparams ): params = (*params, *self._defaults[len(params) - self._nparams:]) actual_len = len(params) if actual_len != self._nparams: if self._defaults: expected = f"at least {self._nparams - len(self._defaults)}" else: expected = str(self._nparams) if not self._nparams: raise TypeError(f"{self} is not a generic class") raise TypeError( f"Too {'many' if actual_len > self._nparams else 'few'}" f" arguments for {self};" f" actual {actual_len}, expected {expected}" ) return self.copy_with(params) _NoneType = type(None) Generator = _SpecialGenericAlias( collections.abc.Generator, 3, defaults=(_NoneType, _NoneType) ) AsyncGenerator = _SpecialGenericAlias( collections.abc.AsyncGenerator, 2, defaults=(_NoneType,) ) ContextManager = _SpecialGenericAlias( contextlib.AbstractContextManager, 2, name="ContextManager", defaults=(typing.Optional[bool],) ) AsyncContextManager = _SpecialGenericAlias( contextlib.AbstractAsyncContextManager, 2, name="AsyncContextManager", defaults=(typing.Optional[bool],) ) _PROTO_ALLOWLIST = { 'collections.abc': [ 'Callable', 'Awaitable', 'Iterable', 'Iterator', 'AsyncIterable', 'Hashable', 'Sized', 'Container', 'Collection', 'Reversible', 'Buffer', ], 'contextlib': ['AbstractContextManager', 'AbstractAsyncContextManager'], 'typing_extensions': ['Buffer'], } _EXCLUDED_ATTRS = frozenset(typing.EXCLUDED_ATTRIBUTES) | { "__match_args__", "__protocol_attrs__", "__non_callable_proto_members__", "__final__", } def _get_protocol_attrs(cls): attrs = set() for base in cls.__mro__[:-1]: # without object if base.__name__ in {'Protocol', 'Generic'}: continue annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {}) for attr in (*base.__dict__, *annotations): if (not attr.startswith('_abc_') and attr not in _EXCLUDED_ATTRS): attrs.add(attr) return attrs def _caller(depth=1, default='__main__'): try: return sys._getframemodulename(depth + 1) or default except AttributeError: # For platforms without _getframemodulename() pass try: return sys._getframe(depth + 1).f_globals.get('__name__', default) except (AttributeError, ValueError): # For platforms without _getframe() pass return None # `__match_args__` attribute was removed from protocol members in 3.13, # we want to backport this change to older Python versions. # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/110683 if sys.version_info >= (3, 13): Protocol = typing.Protocol else: def _allow_reckless_class_checks(depth=2): """Allow instance and class checks for special stdlib modules. The abc and functools modules indiscriminately call isinstance() and issubclass() on the whole MRO of a user class, which may contain protocols. """ return _caller(depth) in {'abc', 'functools', None} def _no_init(self, *args, **kwargs): if type(self)._is_protocol: raise TypeError('Protocols cannot be instantiated') def _type_check_issubclass_arg_1(arg): """Raise TypeError if `arg` is not an instance of `type` in `issubclass(arg, <protocol>)`. In most cases, this is verified by type.__subclasscheck__. Checking it again unnecessarily would slow down issubclass() checks, so, we don't perform this check unless we absolutely have to. For various error paths, however, we want to ensure that *this* error message is shown to the user where relevant, rather than a typing.py-specific error message. """ if not isinstance(arg, type): # Same error message as for issubclass(1, int). raise TypeError('issubclass() arg 1 must be a class') # Inheriting from typing._ProtocolMeta isn't actually desirable, # but is necessary to allow typing.Protocol and typing_extensions.Protocol # to mix without getting TypeErrors about "metaclass conflict" class _ProtocolMeta(type(typing.Protocol)): # This metaclass is somewhat unfortunate, # but is necessary for several reasons... # # NOTE: DO NOT call super() in any methods in this class # That would call the methods on typing._ProtocolMeta on Python <=3.11 # and those are slow def __new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs): if name == "Protocol" and len(bases) < 2: pass elif {Protocol, typing.Protocol} & set(bases): for base in bases: if not ( base in {object, typing.Generic, Protocol, typing.Protocol} or base.__name__ in _PROTO_ALLOWLIST.get(base.__module__, []) or is_protocol(base) ): raise TypeError( f"Protocols can only inherit from other protocols, " f"got {base!r}" ) return abc.ABCMeta.__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs) def __init__(cls, *args, **kwargs): abc.ABCMeta.__init__(cls, *args, **kwargs) if getattr(cls, "_is_protocol", False): cls.__protocol_attrs__ = _get_protocol_attrs(cls) def __subclasscheck__(cls, other): if cls is Protocol: return type.__subclasscheck__(cls, other) if ( getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False) and not _allow_reckless_class_checks() ): if not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False): _type_check_issubclass_arg_1(other) raise TypeError( "Instance and class checks can only be used with " "@runtime_checkable protocols" ) if ( # this attribute is set by @runtime_checkable: cls.__non_callable_proto_members__ and cls.__dict__.get("__subclasshook__") is _proto_hook ): _type_check_issubclass_arg_1(other) non_method_attrs = sorted(cls.__non_callable_proto_members__) raise TypeError( "Protocols with non-method members don't support issubclass()." f" Non-method members: {str(non_method_attrs)[1:-1]}." ) return abc.ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__(cls, other) def __instancecheck__(cls, instance): # We need this method for situations where attributes are # assigned in __init__. if cls is Protocol: return type.__instancecheck__(cls, instance) if not getattr(cls, "_is_protocol", False): # i.e., it's a concrete subclass of a protocol return abc.ABCMeta.__instancecheck__(cls, instance) if ( not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False) and not _allow_reckless_class_checks() ): raise TypeError("Instance and class checks can only be used with" " @runtime_checkable protocols") if abc.ABCMeta.__instancecheck__(cls, instance): return True for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__: try: val = inspect.getattr_static(instance, attr) except AttributeError: break # this attribute is set by @runtime_checkable: if val is None and attr not in cls.__non_callable_proto_members__: break else: return True return False def __eq__(cls, other): # Hack so that typing.Generic.__class_getitem__ # treats typing_extensions.Protocol # as equivalent to typing.Protocol if abc.ABCMeta.__eq__(cls, other) is True: return True return cls is Protocol and other is typing.Protocol # This has to be defined, or the abc-module cache # complains about classes with this metaclass being unhashable, # if we define only __eq__! def __hash__(cls) -> int: return type.__hash__(cls) @classmethod def _proto_hook(cls, other): if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', False): return NotImplemented for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__: for base in other.__mro__: # Check if the members appears in the class dictionary... if attr in base.__dict__: if base.__dict__[attr] is None: return NotImplemented break # ...or in annotations, if it is a sub-protocol. annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {}) if ( isinstance(annotations, collections.abc.Mapping) and attr in annotations and is_protocol(other) ): break else: return NotImplemented return True class Protocol(typing.Generic, metaclass=_ProtocolMeta): __doc__ = typing.Protocol.__doc__ __slots__ = () _is_protocol = True _is_runtime_protocol = False def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs): super().__init_subclass__(*args, **kwargs) # Determine if this is a protocol or a concrete subclass. if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', False): cls._is_protocol = any(b is Protocol for b in cls.__bases__) # Set (or override) the protocol subclass hook. if '__subclasshook__' not in cls.__dict__: cls.__subclasshook__ = _proto_hook # Prohibit instantiation for protocol classes if cls._is_protocol and cls.__init__ is Protocol.__init__: cls.__init__ = _no_init # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/113401 if sys.version_info >= (3, 13): runtime_checkable = typing.runtime_checkable else: def runtime_checkable(cls): """Mark a protocol class as a runtime protocol. Such protocol can be used with isinstance() and issubclass(). Raise TypeError if applied to a non-protocol class. This allows a simple-minded structural check very similar to one trick ponies in collections.abc such as Iterable. For example:: @runtime_checkable class Closable(Protocol): def close(self): ... assert isinstance(open('/some/file'), Closable) Warning: this will check only the presence of the required methods, not their type signatures! """ if not issubclass(cls, typing.Generic) or not getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False): raise TypeError(f'@runtime_checkable can be only applied to protocol classes,' f' got {cls!r}') cls._is_runtime_protocol = True # typing.Protocol classes on <=3.11 break if we execute this block, # because typing.Protocol classes on <=3.11 don't have a # `__protocol_attrs__` attribute, and this block relies on the # `__protocol_attrs__` attribute. Meanwhile, typing.Protocol classes on 3.12.2+ # break if we *don't* execute this block, because *they* assume that all # protocol classes have a `__non_callable_proto_members__` attribute # (which this block sets) if isinstance(cls, _ProtocolMeta) or sys.version_info >= (3, 12, 2): # PEP 544 prohibits using issubclass() # with protocols that have non-method members. # See gh-113320 for why we compute this attribute here, # rather than in `_ProtocolMeta.__init__` cls.__non_callable_proto_members__ = set() for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__: try: is_callable = callable(getattr(cls, attr, None)) except Exception as e: raise TypeError( f"Failed to determine whether protocol member {attr!r} " "is a method member" ) from e else: if not is_callable: cls.__non_callable_proto_members__.add(attr) return cls # The "runtime" alias exists for backwards compatibility. runtime = runtime_checkable # Our version of runtime-checkable protocols is faster on Python <=3.11 # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/112717 if sys.version_info >= (3, 12): SupportsInt = typing.SupportsInt SupportsFloat = typing.SupportsFloat SupportsComplex = typing.SupportsComplex SupportsBytes = typing.SupportsBytes SupportsIndex = typing.SupportsIndex SupportsAbs = typing.SupportsAbs SupportsRound = typing.SupportsRound else: @runtime_checkable class SupportsInt(Protocol): """An ABC with one abstract method __int__.""" __slots__ = () @abc.abstractmethod def __int__(self) -> int: pass @runtime_checkable class SupportsFloat(Protocol): """An ABC with one abstract method __float__.""" __slots__ = () @abc.abstractmethod def __float__(self) -> float: pass @runtime_checkable class SupportsComplex(Protocol): """An ABC with one abstract method __complex__.""" __slots__ = () @abc.abstractmethod def __complex__(self) -> complex: pass @runtime_checkable class SupportsBytes(Protocol): """An ABC with one abstract method __bytes__.""" __slots__ = () @abc.abstractmethod def __bytes__(self) -> bytes: pass @runtime_checkable class SupportsIndex(Protocol): __slots__ = () @abc.abstractmethod def __index__(self) -> int: pass @runtime_checkable class SupportsAbs(Protocol[T_co]): """ An ABC with one abstract method __abs__ that is covariant in its return type. """ __slots__ = () @abc.abstractmethod def __abs__(self) -> T_co: pass @runtime_checkable class SupportsRound(Protocol[T_co]): """ An ABC with one abstract method __round__ that is covariant in its return type. """ __slots__ = () @abc.abstractmethod def __round__(self, ndigits: int = 0) -> T_co: pass if hasattr(io, "Reader") and hasattr(io, "Writer"): Reader = io.Reader Writer = io.Writer else: @runtime_checkable class Reader(Protocol[T_co]): """Protocol for simple I/O reader instances. This protocol only supports blocking I/O. """ __slots__ = () @abc.abstractmethod def read(self, size: int = ..., /) -> T_co: """Read data from the input stream and return it. If *size* is specified, at most *size* items (bytes/characters) will be read. """ @runtime_checkable class Writer(Protocol[T_contra]): """Protocol for simple I/O writer instances. This protocol only supports blocking I/O. """ __slots__ = () @abc.abstractmethod def write(self, data: T_contra, /) -> int: """Write *data* to the output stream and return the number of items written.""" # noqa: E501 _NEEDS_SINGLETONMETA = ( not hasattr(typing, "NoDefault") or not hasattr(typing, "NoExtraItems") ) if _NEEDS_SINGLETONMETA: class SingletonMeta(type): def __setattr__(cls, attr, value): # TypeError is consistent with the behavior of NoneType raise TypeError( f"cannot set {attr!r} attribute of immutable type {cls.__name__!r}" ) if hasattr(typing, "NoDefault"): NoDefault = typing.NoDefault else: class NoDefaultType(metaclass=SingletonMeta): """The type of the NoDefault singleton.""" __slots__ = () def __new__(cls): return globals().get("NoDefault") or object.__new__(cls) def __repr__(self): return "typing_extensions.NoDefault" def __reduce__(self): return "NoDefault" NoDefault = NoDefaultType() del NoDefaultType if hasattr(typing, "NoExtraItems"): NoExtraItems = typing.NoExtraItems else: class NoExtraItemsType(metaclass=SingletonMeta): """The type of the NoExtraItems singleton.""" __slots__ = () def __new__(cls): return globals().get("NoExtraItems") or object.__new__(cls) def __repr__(self): return "typing_extensions.NoExtraItems" def __reduce__(self): return "NoExtraItems" NoExtraItems = NoExtraItemsType() del NoExtraItemsType if _NEEDS_SINGLETONMETA: del SingletonMeta # Update this to something like >=3.13.0b1 if and when # PEP 728 is implemented in CPython _PEP_728_IMPLEMENTED = False if _PEP_728_IMPLEMENTED: # The standard library TypedDict in Python 3.9.0/1 does not honour the "total" # keyword with old-style TypedDict(). See https://bugs.python.org/issue42059 # The standard library TypedDict below Python 3.11 does not store runtime # information about optional and required keys when using Required or NotRequired. # Generic TypedDicts are also impossible using typing.TypedDict on Python <3.11. # Aaaand on 3.12 we add __orig_bases__ to TypedDict # to enable better runtime introspection. # On 3.13 we deprecate some odd ways of creating TypedDicts. # Also on 3.13, PEP 705 adds the ReadOnly[] qualifier. # PEP 728 (still pending) makes more changes. TypedDict = typing.TypedDict _TypedDictMeta = typing._TypedDictMeta is_typeddict = typing.is_typeddict else: # 3.10.0 and later _TAKES_MODULE = "module" in inspect.signature(typing._type_check).parameters def _get_typeddict_qualifiers(annotation_type): while True: annotation_origin = get_origin(annotation_type) if annotation_origin is Annotated: annotation_args = get_args(annotation_type) if annotation_args: annotation_type = annotation_args[0] else: break elif annotation_origin is Required: yield Required annotation_type, = get_args(annotation_type) elif annotation_origin is NotRequired: yield NotRequired annotation_type, = get_args(annotation_type) elif annotation_origin is ReadOnly: yield ReadOnly annotation_type, = get_args(annotation_type) else: break class _TypedDictMeta(type): def __new__(cls, name, bases, ns, *, total=True, closed=None, extra_items=NoExtraItems): """Create new typed dict class object. This method is called when TypedDict is subclassed, or when TypedDict is instantiated. This way TypedDict supports all three syntax forms described in its docstring. Subclasses and instances of TypedDict return actual dictionaries. """ for base in bases: if type(base) is not _TypedDictMeta and base is not typing.Generic: raise TypeError('cannot inherit from both a TypedDict type ' 'and a non-TypedDict base class') if closed is not None and extra_items is not NoExtraItems: raise TypeError(f"Cannot combine closed={closed!r} and extra_items") if any(issubclass(b, typing.Generic) for b in bases): generic_base = (typing.Generic,) else: generic_base = () ns_annotations = ns.pop('__annotations__', None) # typing.py generally doesn't let you inherit from plain Generic, unless # the name of the class happens to be "Protocol" tp_dict = type.__new__(_TypedDictMeta, "Protocol", (*generic_base, dict), ns) tp_dict.__name__ = name if tp_dict.__qualname__ == "Protocol": tp_dict.__qualname__ = name if not hasattr(tp_dict, '__orig_bases__'): tp_dict.__orig_bases__ = bases annotations = {} own_annotate = None if ns_annotations is not None: own_annotations = ns_annotations elif sys.version_info >= (3, 14): if hasattr(annotationlib, "get_annotate_from_class_namespace"): own_annotate = annotationlib.get_annotate_from_class_namespace(ns) else: # 3.14.0a7 and earlier own_annotate = ns.get("__annotate__") if own_annotate is not None: own_annotations = annotationlib.call_annotate_function( own_annotate, Format.FORWARDREF, owner=tp_dict ) else: own_annotations = {} else: own_annotations = {} msg = "TypedDict('Name', {f0: t0, f1: t1, ...}); each t must be a type" if _TAKES_MODULE: own_checked_annotations = { n: typing._type_check(tp, msg, module=tp_dict.__module__) for n, tp in own_annotations.items() } else: own_checked_annotations = { n: typing._type_check(tp, msg) for n, tp in own_annotations.items() } required_keys = set() optional_keys = set() readonly_keys = set() mutable_keys = set() extra_items_type = extra_items for base in bases: base_dict = base.__dict__ if sys.version_info <= (3, 14): annotations.update(base_dict.get('__annotations__', {})) required_keys.update(base_dict.get('__required_keys__', ())) optional_keys.update(base_dict.get('__optional_keys__', ())) readonly_keys.update(base_dict.get('__readonly_keys__', ())) mutable_keys.update(base_dict.get('__mutable_keys__', ())) # This was specified in an earlier version of PEP 728. Support # is retained for backwards compatibility, but only for Python # 3.13 and lower. if (closed and sys.version_info < (3, 14) and "__extra_items__" in own_checked_annotations): annotation_type = own_checked_annotations.pop("__extra_items__") qualifiers = set(_get_typeddict_qualifiers(annotation_type)) if Required in qualifiers: raise TypeError( "Special key __extra_items__ does not support " "Required" ) if NotRequired in qualifiers: raise TypeError( "Special key __extra_items__ does not support " "NotRequired" ) extra_items_type = annotation_type annotations.update(own_checked_annotations) for annotation_key, annotation_type in own_checked_annotations.items(): qualifiers = set(_get_typeddict_qualifiers(annotation_type)) if Required in qualifiers: required_keys.add(annotation_key) elif NotRequired in qualifiers: optional_keys.add(annotation_key) elif total: required_keys.add(annotation_key) else: optional_keys.add(annotation_key) if ReadOnly in qualifiers: mutable_keys.discard(annotation_key) readonly_keys.add(annotation_key) else: mutable_keys.add(annotation_key) readonly_keys.discard(annotation_key) # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/119891 if sys.version_info >= (3, 14): def __annotate__(format): annos = {} for base in bases: if base is Generic: continue base_annotate = base.__annotate__ if base_annotate is None: continue base_annos = annotationlib.call_annotate_function( base_annotate, format, owner=base) annos.update(base_annos) if own_annotate is not None: own = annotationlib.call_annotate_function( own_annotate, format, owner=tp_dict) if format != Format.STRING: own = { n: typing._type_check(tp, msg, module=tp_dict.__module__) for n, tp in own.items() } elif format == Format.STRING: own = annotationlib.annotations_to_string(own_annotations) elif format in (Format.FORWARDREF, Format.VALUE): own = own_checked_annotations else: raise NotImplementedError(format) annos.update(own) return annos tp_dict.__annotate__ = __annotate__ else: tp_dict.__annotations__ = annotations tp_dict.__required_keys__ = frozenset(required_keys) tp_dict.__optional_keys__ = frozenset(optional_keys) tp_dict.__readonly_keys__ = frozenset(readonly_keys) tp_dict.__mutable_keys__ = frozenset(mutable_keys) tp_dict.__total__ = total tp_dict.__closed__ = closed tp_dict.__extra_items__ = extra_items_type return tp_dict __call__ = dict # static method def __subclasscheck__(cls, other): # Typed dicts are only for static structural subtyping. raise TypeError('TypedDict does not support instance and class checks') __instancecheck__ = __subclasscheck__ _TypedDict = type.__new__(_TypedDictMeta, 'TypedDict', (), {}) def _create_typeddict( typename, fields, /, *, typing_is_inline, total, closed, extra_items, **kwargs, ): if fields is _marker or fields is None: if fields is _marker: deprecated_thing = ( "Failing to pass a value for the 'fields' parameter" ) else: deprecated_thing = "Passing `None` as the 'fields' parameter" example = f"`{typename} = TypedDict({typename!r}, {{}})`" deprecation_msg = ( f"{deprecated_thing} is deprecated and will be disallowed in " "Python 3.15. To create a TypedDict class with 0 fields " "using the functional syntax, pass an empty dictionary, e.g. " ) + example + "." warnings.warn(deprecation_msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2) # Support a field called "closed" if closed is not False and closed is not True and closed is not None: kwargs["closed"] = closed closed = None # Or "extra_items" if extra_items is not NoExtraItems: kwargs["extra_items"] = extra_items extra_items = NoExtraItems fields = kwargs elif kwargs: raise TypeError("TypedDict takes either a dict or keyword arguments," " but not both") if kwargs: # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/104891 if sys.version_info >= (3, 13): raise TypeError("TypedDict takes no keyword arguments") warnings.warn( "The kwargs-based syntax for TypedDict definitions is deprecated " "in Python 3.11, will be removed in Python 3.13, and may not be " "understood by third-party type checkers.", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) ns = {'__annotations__': dict(fields)} module = _caller(depth=4 if typing_is_inline else 2) if module is not None: # Setting correct module is necessary to make typed dict classes # pickleable. ns['__module__'] = module td = _TypedDictMeta(typename, (), ns, total=total, closed=closed, extra_items=extra_items) td.__orig_bases__ = (TypedDict,) return td class _TypedDictSpecialForm(_SpecialForm, _root=True): def __call__( self, typename, fields=_marker, /, *, total=True, closed=None, extra_items=NoExtraItems, **kwargs ): return _create_typeddict( typename, fields, typing_is_inline=False, total=total, closed=closed, extra_items=extra_items, **kwargs, ) def __mro_entries__(self, bases): return (_TypedDict,) @_TypedDictSpecialForm def TypedDict(self, args): """A simple typed namespace. At runtime it is equivalent to a plain dict. TypedDict creates a dictionary type such that a type checker will expect all instances to have a certain set of keys, where each key is associated with a value of a consistent type. This expectation is not checked at runtime. Usage:: class Point2D(TypedDict): x: int y: int label: str a: Point2D = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'label': 'good'} # OK b: Point2D = {'z': 3, 'label': 'bad'} # Fails type check assert Point2D(x=1, y=2, label='first') == dict(x=1, y=2, label='first') The type info can be accessed via the Point2D.__annotations__ dict, and the Point2D.__required_keys__ and Point2D.__optional_keys__ frozensets. TypedDict supports an additional equivalent form:: Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', {'x': int, 'y': int, 'label': str}) By default, all keys must be present in a TypedDict. It is possible to override this by specifying totality:: class Point2D(TypedDict, total=False): x: int y: int This means that a Point2D TypedDict can have any of the keys omitted. A type checker is only expected to support a literal False or True as the value of the total argument. True is the default, and makes all items defined in the class body be required. The Required and NotRequired special forms can also be used to mark individual keys as being required or not required:: class Point2D(TypedDict): x: int # the "x" key must always be present (Required is the default) y: NotRequired[int] # the "y" key can be omitted See PEP 655 for more details on Required and NotRequired. """ # This runs when creating inline TypedDicts: if not isinstance(args, dict): raise TypeError( "TypedDict[...] should be used with a single dict argument" ) return _create_typeddict( "<inline TypedDict>", args, typing_is_inline=True, total=True, closed=True, extra_items=NoExtraItems, ) _TYPEDDICT_TYPES = (typing._TypedDictMeta, _TypedDictMeta) def is_typeddict(tp): """Check if an annotation is a TypedDict class For example:: class Film(TypedDict): title: str year: int is_typeddict(Film) # => True is_typeddict(Union[list, str]) # => False """ return isinstance(tp, _TYPEDDICT_TYPES) if hasattr(typing, "assert_type"): assert_type = typing.assert_type else: def assert_type(val, typ, /): """Assert (to the type checker) that the value is of the given type. When the type checker encounters a call to assert_type(), it emits an error if the value is not of the specified type:: def greet(name: str) -> None: assert_type(name, str) # ok assert_type(name, int) # type checker error At runtime this returns the first argument unchanged and otherwise does nothing. """ return val if hasattr(typing, "ReadOnly"): # 3.13+ get_type_hints = typing.get_type_hints else: # <=3.13 # replaces _strip_annotations() def _strip_extras(t): """Strips Annotated, Required and NotRequired from a given type.""" if isinstance(t, typing._AnnotatedAlias): return _strip_extras(t.__origin__) if hasattr(t, "__origin__") and t.__origin__ in (Required, NotRequired, ReadOnly): return _strip_extras(t.__args__[0]) if isinstance(t, typing._GenericAlias): stripped_args = tuple(_strip_extras(a) for a in t.__args__) if stripped_args == t.__args__: return t return t.copy_with(stripped_args) if hasattr(_types, "GenericAlias") and isinstance(t, _types.GenericAlias): stripped_args = tuple(_strip_extras(a) for a in t.__args__) if stripped_args == t.__args__: return t return _types.GenericAlias(t.__origin__, stripped_args) if hasattr(_types, "UnionType") and isinstance(t, _types.UnionType): stripped_args = tuple(_strip_extras(a) for a in t.__args__) if stripped_args == t.__args__: return t return functools.reduce(operator.or_, stripped_args) return t def get_type_hints(obj, globalns=None, localns=None, include_extras=False): """Return type hints for an object. This is often the same as obj.__annotations__, but it handles forward references encoded as string literals, adds Optional[t] if a default value equal to None is set and recursively replaces all 'Annotated[T, ...]', 'Required[T]' or 'NotRequired[T]' with 'T' (unless 'include_extras=True'). The argument may be a module, class, method, or function. The annotations are returned as a dictionary. For classes, annotations include also inherited members. TypeError is raised if the argument is not of a type that can contain annotations, and an empty dictionary is returned if no annotations are present. BEWARE -- the behavior of globalns and localns is counterintuitive (unless you are familiar with how eval() and exec() work). The search order is locals first, then globals. - If no dict arguments are passed, an attempt is made to use the globals from obj (or the respective module's globals for classes), and these are also used as the locals. If the object does not appear to have globals, an empty dictionary is used. - If one dict argument is passed, it is used for both globals and locals. - If two dict arguments are passed, they specify globals and locals, respectively. """ hint = typing.get_type_hints( obj, globalns=globalns, localns=localns, include_extras=True ) # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/30304 if sys.version_info < (3, 11): _clean_optional(obj, hint, globalns, localns) if include_extras: return hint return {k: _strip_extras(t) for k, t in hint.items()} _NoneType = type(None) def _could_be_inserted_optional(t): """detects Union[..., None] pattern""" if not isinstance(t, typing._UnionGenericAlias): return False # Assume if last argument is not None they are user defined if t.__args__[-1] is not _NoneType: return False return True # < 3.11 def _clean_optional(obj, hints, globalns=None, localns=None): # reverts injected Union[..., None] cases from typing.get_type_hints # when a None default value is used. # see https://github.com/python/typing_extensions/issues/310 if not hints or isinstance(obj, type): return defaults = typing._get_defaults(obj) # avoid accessing __annotations___ if not defaults: return original_hints = obj.__annotations__ for name, value in hints.items(): # Not a Union[..., None] or replacement conditions not fullfilled if (not _could_be_inserted_optional(value) or name not in defaults or defaults[name] is not None ): continue original_value = original_hints[name] # value=NoneType should have caused a skip above but check for safety if original_value is None: original_value = _NoneType # Forward reference if isinstance(original_value, str): if globalns is None: if isinstance(obj, _types.ModuleType): globalns = obj.__dict__ else: nsobj = obj # Find globalns for the unwrapped object. while hasattr(nsobj, '__wrapped__'): nsobj = nsobj.__wrapped__ globalns = getattr(nsobj, '__globals__', {}) if localns is None: localns = globalns elif localns is None: localns = globalns original_value = ForwardRef( original_value, is_argument=not isinstance(obj, _types.ModuleType) ) original_evaluated = typing._eval_type(original_value, globalns, localns) # Compare if values differ. Note that even if equal # value might be cached by typing._tp_cache contrary to original_evaluated if original_evaluated != value or ( # 3.10: ForwardRefs of UnionType might be turned into _UnionGenericAlias hasattr(_types, "UnionType") and isinstance(original_evaluated, _types.UnionType) and not isinstance(value, _types.UnionType) ): hints[name] = original_evaluated # Python 3.9 has get_origin() and get_args() but those implementations don't support # ParamSpecArgs and ParamSpecKwargs, so only Python 3.10's versions will do. # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/25298 if sys.version_info >= (3, 10): get_origin = typing.get_origin get_args = typing.get_args # 3.9 else: def get_origin(tp): """Get the unsubscripted version of a type. This supports generic types, Callable, Tuple, Union, Literal, Final, ClassVar and Annotated. Return None for unsupported types. Examples:: get_origin(Literal[42]) is Literal get_origin(int) is None get_origin(ClassVar[int]) is ClassVar get_origin(Generic) is Generic get_origin(Generic[T]) is Generic get_origin(Union[T, int]) is Union get_origin(List[Tuple[T, T]][int]) == list get_origin(P.args) is P """ if isinstance(tp, typing._AnnotatedAlias): return Annotated if isinstance(tp, (typing._BaseGenericAlias, _types.GenericAlias, ParamSpecArgs, ParamSpecKwargs)): return tp.__origin__ if tp is typing.Generic: return typing.Generic return None def get_args(tp): """Get type arguments with all substitutions performed. For unions, basic simplifications used by Union constructor are performed. Examples:: get_args(Dict[str, int]) == (str, int) get_args(int) == () get_args(Union[int, Union[T, int], str][int]) == (int, str) get_args(Union[int, Tuple[T, int]][str]) == (int, Tuple[str, int]) get_args(Callable[[], T][int]) == ([], int) """ if isinstance(tp, typing._AnnotatedAlias): return (tp.__origin__, *tp.__metadata__) if isinstance(tp, (typing._GenericAlias, _types.GenericAlias)): res = tp.__args__ if get_origin(tp) is collections.abc.Callable and res[0] is not Ellipsis: res = (list(res[:-1]), res[-1]) return res return () # 3.10+ if hasattr(typing, 'TypeAlias'): TypeAlias = typing.TypeAlias # 3.9 else: @_ExtensionsSpecialForm def TypeAlias(self, parameters): """Special marker indicating that an assignment should be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type checkers. For example:: Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool] It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example above. """ raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable") def _set_default(type_param, default): type_param.has_default = lambda: default is not NoDefault type_param.__default__ = default def _set_module(typevarlike): # for pickling: def_mod = _caller(depth=2) if def_mod != 'typing_extensions': typevarlike.__module__ = def_mod class _DefaultMixin: """Mixin for TypeVarLike defaults.""" __slots__ = () __init__ = _set_default # Classes using this metaclass must provide a _backported_typevarlike ClassVar class _TypeVarLikeMeta(type): def __instancecheck__(cls, __instance: Any) -> bool: return isinstance(__instance, cls._backported_typevarlike) if _PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED: from typing import TypeVar else: # Add default and infer_variance parameters from PEP 696 and 695 class TypeVar(metaclass=_TypeVarLikeMeta): """Type variable.""" _backported_typevarlike = typing.TypeVar def __new__(cls, name, *constraints, bound=None, covariant=False, contravariant=False, default=NoDefault, infer_variance=False): if hasattr(typing, "TypeAliasType"): # PEP 695 implemented (3.12+), can pass infer_variance to typing.TypeVar typevar = typing.TypeVar(name, *constraints, bound=bound, covariant=covariant, contravariant=contravariant, infer_variance=infer_variance) else: typevar = typing.TypeVar(name, *constraints, bound=bound, covariant=covariant, contravariant=contravariant) if infer_variance and (covariant or contravariant): raise ValueError("Variance cannot be specified with infer_variance.") typevar.__infer_variance__ = infer_variance _set_default(typevar, default) _set_module(typevar) def _tvar_prepare_subst(alias, args): if ( typevar.has_default() and alias.__parameters__.index(typevar) == len(args) ): args += (typevar.__default__,) return args typevar.__typing_prepare_subst__ = _tvar_prepare_subst return typevar def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None: raise TypeError(f"type '{__name__}.TypeVar' is not an acceptable base type") # Python 3.10+ has PEP 612 if hasattr(typing, 'ParamSpecArgs'): ParamSpecArgs = typing.ParamSpecArgs ParamSpecKwargs = typing.ParamSpecKwargs # 3.9 else: class _Immutable: """Mixin to indicate that object should not be copied.""" __slots__ = () def __copy__(self): return self def __deepcopy__(self, memo): return self class ParamSpecArgs(_Immutable): """The args for a ParamSpec object. Given a ParamSpec object P, P.args is an instance of ParamSpecArgs. ParamSpecArgs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec: P.args.__origin__ is P This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to static type checkers. """ def __init__(self, origin): self.__origin__ = origin def __repr__(self): return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.args" def __eq__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, ParamSpecArgs): return NotImplemented return self.__origin__ == other.__origin__ class ParamSpecKwargs(_Immutable): """The kwargs for a ParamSpec object. Given a ParamSpec object P, P.kwargs is an instance of ParamSpecKwargs. ParamSpecKwargs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec: P.kwargs.__origin__ is P This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to static type checkers. """ def __init__(self, origin): self.__origin__ = origin def __repr__(self): return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.kwargs" def __eq__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, ParamSpecKwargs): return NotImplemented return self.__origin__ == other.__origin__ if _PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED: from typing import ParamSpec # 3.10+ elif hasattr(typing, 'ParamSpec'): # Add default parameter - PEP 696 class ParamSpec(metaclass=_TypeVarLikeMeta): """Parameter specification.""" _backported_typevarlike = typing.ParamSpec def __new__(cls, name, *, bound=None, covariant=False, contravariant=False, infer_variance=False, default=NoDefault): if hasattr(typing, "TypeAliasType"): # PEP 695 implemented, can pass infer_variance to typing.TypeVar paramspec = typing.ParamSpec(name, bound=bound, covariant=covariant, contravariant=contravariant, infer_variance=infer_variance) else: paramspec = typing.ParamSpec(name, bound=bound, covariant=covariant, contravariant=contravariant) paramspec.__infer_variance__ = infer_variance _set_default(paramspec, default) _set_module(paramspec) def _paramspec_prepare_subst(alias, args): params = alias.__parameters__ i = params.index(paramspec) if i == len(args) and paramspec.has_default(): args = [*args, paramspec.__default__] if i >= len(args): raise TypeError(f"Too few arguments for {alias}") # Special case where Z[[int, str, bool]] == Z[int, str, bool] in PEP 612. if len(params) == 1 and not typing._is_param_expr(args[0]): assert i == 0 args = (args,) # Convert lists to tuples to help other libraries cache the results. elif isinstance(args[i], list): args = (*args[:i], tuple(args[i]), *args[i + 1:]) return args paramspec.__typing_prepare_subst__ = _paramspec_prepare_subst return paramspec def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None: raise TypeError(f"type '{__name__}.ParamSpec' is not an acceptable base type") # 3.9 else: # Inherits from list as a workaround for Callable checks in Python < 3.9.2. class ParamSpec(list, _DefaultMixin): """Parameter specification variable. Usage:: P = ParamSpec('P') Parameter specification variables exist primarily for the benefit of static type checkers. They are used to forward the parameter types of one callable to another callable, a pattern commonly found in higher order functions and decorators. They are only valid when used in ``Concatenate``, or s the first argument to ``Callable``. In Python 3.10 and higher, they are also supported in user-defined Generics at runtime. See class Generic for more information on generic types. An example for annotating a decorator:: T = TypeVar('T') P = ParamSpec('P') def add_logging(f: Callable[P, T]) -> Callable[P, T]: '''A type-safe decorator to add logging to a function.''' def inner(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> T: logging.info(f'{f.__name__} was called') return f(*args, **kwargs) return inner @add_logging def add_two(x: float, y: float) -> float: '''Add two numbers together.''' return x + y Parameter specification variables defined with covariant=True or contravariant=True can be used to declare covariant or contravariant generic types. These keyword arguments are valid, but their actual semantics are yet to be decided. See PEP 612 for details. Parameter specification variables can be introspected. e.g.: P.__name__ == 'T' P.__bound__ == None P.__covariant__ == False P.__contravariant__ == False Note that only parameter specification variables defined in global scope can be pickled. """ # Trick Generic __parameters__. __class__ = typing.TypeVar @property def args(self): return ParamSpecArgs(self) @property def kwargs(self): return ParamSpecKwargs(self) def __init__(self, name, *, bound=None, covariant=False, contravariant=False, infer_variance=False, default=NoDefault): list.__init__(self, [self]) self.__name__ = name self.__covariant__ = bool(covariant) self.__contravariant__ = bool(contravariant) self.__infer_variance__ = bool(infer_variance) if bound: self.__bound__ = typing._type_check(bound, 'Bound must be a type.') else: self.__bound__ = None _DefaultMixin.__init__(self, default) # for pickling: def_mod = _caller() if def_mod != 'typing_extensions': self.__module__ = def_mod def __repr__(self): if self.__infer_variance__: prefix = '' elif self.__covariant__: prefix = '+' elif self.__contravariant__: prefix = '-' else: prefix = '~' return prefix + self.__name__ def __hash__(self): return object.__hash__(self) def __eq__(self, other): return self is other def __reduce__(self): return self.__name__ # Hack to get typing._type_check to pass. def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): pass # 3.9 if not hasattr(typing, 'Concatenate'): # Inherits from list as a workaround for Callable checks in Python < 3.9.2. # 3.9.0-1 if not hasattr(typing, '_type_convert'): def _type_convert(arg, module=None, *, allow_special_forms=False): """For converting None to type(None), and strings to ForwardRef.""" if arg is None: return type(None) if isinstance(arg, str): if sys.version_info <= (3, 9, 6): return ForwardRef(arg) if sys.version_info <= (3, 9, 7): return ForwardRef(arg, module=module) return ForwardRef(arg, module=module, is_class=allow_special_forms) return arg else: _type_convert = typing._type_convert class _ConcatenateGenericAlias(list): # Trick Generic into looking into this for __parameters__. __class__ = typing._GenericAlias def __init__(self, origin, args): super().__init__(args) self.__origin__ = origin self.__args__ = args def __repr__(self): _type_repr = typing._type_repr return (f'{_type_repr(self.__origin__)}' f'[{", ".join(_type_repr(arg) for arg in self.__args__)}]') def __hash__(self): return hash((self.__origin__, self.__args__)) # Hack to get typing._type_check to pass in Generic. def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): pass @property def __parameters__(self): return tuple( tp for tp in self.__args__ if isinstance(tp, (typing.TypeVar, ParamSpec)) ) # 3.9 used by __getitem__ below def copy_with(self, params): if isinstance(params[-1], _ConcatenateGenericAlias): params = (*params[:-1], *params[-1].__args__) elif isinstance(params[-1], (list, tuple)): return (*params[:-1], *params[-1]) elif (not (params[-1] is ... or isinstance(params[-1], ParamSpec))): raise TypeError("The last parameter to Concatenate should be a " "ParamSpec variable or ellipsis.") return self.__class__(self.__origin__, params) # 3.9; accessed during GenericAlias.__getitem__ when substituting def __getitem__(self, args): if self.__origin__ in (Generic, Protocol): # Can't subscript Generic[...] or Protocol[...]. raise TypeError(f"Cannot subscript already-subscripted {self}") if not self.__parameters__: raise TypeError(f"{self} is not a generic class") if not isinstance(args, tuple): args = (args,) args = _unpack_args(*(_type_convert(p) for p in args)) params = self.__parameters__ for param in params: prepare = getattr(param, "__typing_prepare_subst__", None) if prepare is not None: args = prepare(self, args) # 3.9 & typing.ParamSpec elif isinstance(param, ParamSpec): i = params.index(param) if ( i == len(args) and getattr(param, '__default__', NoDefault) is not NoDefault ): args = [*args, param.__default__] if i >= len(args): raise TypeError(f"Too few arguments for {self}") # Special case for Z[[int, str, bool]] == Z[int, str, bool] if len(params) == 1 and not _is_param_expr(args[0]): assert i == 0 args = (args,) elif ( isinstance(args[i], list) # 3.9 # This class inherits from list do not convert and not isinstance(args[i], _ConcatenateGenericAlias) ): args = (*args[:i], tuple(args[i]), *args[i + 1:]) alen = len(args) plen = len(params) if alen != plen: raise TypeError( f"Too {'many' if alen > plen else 'few'} arguments for {self};" f" actual {alen}, expected {plen}" ) subst = dict(zip(self.__parameters__, args)) # determine new args new_args = [] for arg in self.__args__: if isinstance(arg, type): new_args.append(arg) continue if isinstance(arg, TypeVar): arg = subst[arg] if ( (isinstance(arg, typing._GenericAlias) and _is_unpack(arg)) or ( hasattr(_types, "GenericAlias") and isinstance(arg, _types.GenericAlias) and getattr(arg, "__unpacked__", False) ) ): raise TypeError(f"{arg} is not valid as type argument") elif isinstance(arg, typing._GenericAlias if not hasattr(_types, "GenericAlias") else (typing._GenericAlias, _types.GenericAlias) ): subparams = arg.__parameters__ if subparams: subargs = tuple(subst[x] for x in subparams) arg = arg[subargs] new_args.append(arg) return self.copy_with(tuple(new_args)) # 3.10+ else: _ConcatenateGenericAlias = typing._ConcatenateGenericAlias # 3.10 if sys.version_info < (3, 11): class _ConcatenateGenericAlias(typing._ConcatenateGenericAlias, _root=True): # needed for checks in collections.abc.Callable to accept this class __module__ = "typing" def copy_with(self, params): if isinstance(params[-1], (list, tuple)): return (*params[:-1], *params[-1]) if isinstance(params[-1], typing._ConcatenateGenericAlias): params = (*params[:-1], *params[-1].__args__) elif not (params[-1] is ... or isinstance(params[-1], ParamSpec)): raise TypeError("The last parameter to Concatenate should be a " "ParamSpec variable or ellipsis.") return super(typing._ConcatenateGenericAlias, self).copy_with(params) def __getitem__(self, args): value = super().__getitem__(args) if isinstance(value, tuple) and any(_is_unpack(t) for t in value): return tuple(_unpack_args(*(n for n in value))) return value # 3.9.2 class _EllipsisDummy: ... # <=3.10 def _create_concatenate_alias(origin, parameters): if parameters[-1] is ... and sys.version_info < (3, 9, 2): # Hack: Arguments must be types, replace it with one. parameters = (*parameters[:-1], _EllipsisDummy) if sys.version_info >= (3, 10, 3): concatenate = _ConcatenateGenericAlias(origin, parameters, _typevar_types=(TypeVar, ParamSpec), _paramspec_tvars=True) else: concatenate = _ConcatenateGenericAlias(origin, parameters) if parameters[-1] is not _EllipsisDummy: return concatenate # Remove dummy again concatenate.__args__ = tuple(p if p is not _EllipsisDummy else ... for p in concatenate.__args__) if sys.version_info < (3, 10): # backport needs __args__ adjustment only return concatenate concatenate.__parameters__ = tuple(p for p in concatenate.__parameters__ if p is not _EllipsisDummy) return concatenate # <=3.10 @typing._tp_cache def _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters): if parameters == (): raise TypeError("Cannot take a Concatenate of no types.") if not isinstance(parameters, tuple): parameters = (parameters,) if not (parameters[-1] is ... or isinstance(parameters[-1], ParamSpec)): raise TypeError("The last parameter to Concatenate should be a " "ParamSpec variable or ellipsis.") msg = "Concatenate[arg, ...]: each arg must be a type." parameters = (*(typing._type_check(p, msg) for p in parameters[:-1]), parameters[-1]) return _create_concatenate_alias(self, parameters) # 3.11+; Concatenate does not accept ellipsis in 3.10 # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/30969 if sys.version_info >= (3, 11): Concatenate = typing.Concatenate # <=3.10 else: @_ExtensionsSpecialForm def Concatenate(self, parameters): """Used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and ``Callable`` to represent a higher order function which adds, removes or transforms parameters of a callable. For example:: Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int] See PEP 612 for detailed information. """ return _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters) # 3.10+ if hasattr(typing, 'TypeGuard'): TypeGuard = typing.TypeGuard # 3.9 else: @_ExtensionsSpecialForm def TypeGuard(self, parameters): """Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined type guard function. ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument. At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean. ``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a program's code flow. Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code. The conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard". Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function as a type guard. Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its return type to alert static type checkers to this intention. Using ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given function: 1. The return value is a boolean. 2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument is the type inside ``TypeGuard``. For example:: def is_str(val: Union[str, float]): # "isinstance" type guard if isinstance(val, str): # Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str`` ... else: # Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``. ... Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to type-unsafe results. The main reason is to allow for things like narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant. The responsibility of writing type-safe type guards is left to the user. ``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables. For more information, see PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards). """ item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only a single type.') return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,)) # 3.13+ if hasattr(typing, 'TypeIs'): TypeIs = typing.TypeIs # <=3.12 else: @_ExtensionsSpecialForm def TypeIs(self, parameters): """Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined type narrower function. ``TypeIs`` only accepts a single type argument. At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean. ``TypeIs`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a program's code flow. Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code. The conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard". Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function as a type guard. Such a function should use ``TypeIs[...]`` as its return type to alert static type checkers to this intention. Using ``-> TypeIs`` tells the static type checker that for a given function: 1. The return value is a boolean. 2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument is the intersection of the type inside ``TypeIs`` and the argument's previously known type. For example:: def is_awaitable(val: object) -> TypeIs[Awaitable[Any]]: return hasattr(val, '__await__') def f(val: Union[int, Awaitable[int]]) -> int: if is_awaitable(val): assert_type(val, Awaitable[int]) else: assert_type(val, int) ``TypeIs`` also works with type variables. For more information, see PEP 742 (Narrowing types with TypeIs). """ item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only a single type.') return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,)) # 3.14+? if hasattr(typing, 'TypeForm'): TypeForm = typing.TypeForm # <=3.13 else: class _TypeFormForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True): # TypeForm(X) is equivalent to X but indicates to the type checker # that the object is a TypeForm. def __call__(self, obj, /): return obj @_TypeFormForm def TypeForm(self, parameters): """A special form representing the value that results from the evaluation of a type expression. This value encodes the information supplied in the type expression, and it represents the type described by that type expression. When used in a type expression, TypeForm describes a set of type form objects. It accepts a single type argument, which must be a valid type expression. ``TypeForm[T]`` describes the set of all type form objects that represent the type T or types that are assignable to T. Usage: def cast[T](typ: TypeForm[T], value: Any) -> T: ... reveal_type(cast(int, "x")) # int See PEP 747 for more information. """ item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only a single type.') return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,)) if hasattr(typing, "LiteralString"): # 3.11+ LiteralString = typing.LiteralString else: @_SpecialForm def LiteralString(self, params): """Represents an arbitrary literal string. Example:: from typing_extensions import LiteralString def query(sql: LiteralString) -> ...: ... query("SELECT * FROM table") # ok query(f"SELECT * FROM {input()}") # not ok See PEP 675 for details. """ raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable") if hasattr(typing, "Self"): # 3.11+ Self = typing.Self else: @_SpecialForm def Self(self, params): """Used to spell the type of "self" in classes. Example:: from typing import Self class ReturnsSelf: def parse(self, data: bytes) -> Self: ... return self """ raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable") if hasattr(typing, "Never"): # 3.11+ Never = typing.Never else: @_SpecialForm def Never(self, params): """The bottom type, a type that has no members. This can be used to define a function that should never be called, or a function that never returns:: from typing_extensions import Never def never_call_me(arg: Never) -> None: pass def int_or_str(arg: int | str) -> None: never_call_me(arg) # type checker error match arg: case int(): print("It's an int") case str(): print("It's a str") case _: never_call_me(arg) # ok, arg is of type Never """ raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable") if hasattr(typing, 'Required'): # 3.11+ Required = typing.Required NotRequired = typing.NotRequired else: # <=3.10 @_ExtensionsSpecialForm def Required(self, parameters): """A special typing construct to mark a key of a total=False TypedDict as required. For example: class Movie(TypedDict, total=False): title: Required[str] year: int m = Movie( title='The Matrix', # typechecker error if key is omitted year=1999, ) There is no runtime checking that a required key is actually provided when instantiating a related TypedDict. """ item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.') return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,)) @_ExtensionsSpecialForm def NotRequired(self, parameters): """A special typing construct to mark a key of a TypedDict as potentially missing. For example: class Movie(TypedDict): title: str year: NotRequired[int] m = Movie( title='The Matrix', # typechecker error if key is omitted year=1999, ) """ item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.') return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,)) if hasattr(typing, 'ReadOnly'): ReadOnly = typing.ReadOnly else: # <=3.12 @_ExtensionsSpecialForm def ReadOnly(self, parameters): """A special typing construct to mark an item of a TypedDict as read-only. For example: class Movie(TypedDict): title: ReadOnly[str] year: int def mutate_movie(m: Movie) -> None: m["year"] = 1992 # allowed m["title"] = "The Matrix" # typechecker error There is no runtime checking for this property. """ item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.') return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,)) _UNPACK_DOC = """\ Type unpack operator. The type unpack operator takes the child types from some container type, such as `tuple[int, str]` or a `TypeVarTuple`, and 'pulls them out'. For example: # For some generic class `Foo`: Foo[Unpack[tuple[int, str]]] # Equivalent to Foo[int, str] Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts') # Specifies that `Bar` is generic in an arbitrary number of types. # (Think of `Ts` as a tuple of an arbitrary number of individual # `TypeVar`s, which the `Unpack` is 'pulling out' directly into the # `Generic[]`.) class Bar(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): ... Bar[int] # Valid Bar[int, str] # Also valid From Python 3.11, this can also be done using the `*` operator: Foo[*tuple[int, str]] class Bar(Generic[*Ts]): ... The operator can also be used along with a `TypedDict` to annotate `**kwargs` in a function signature. For instance: class Movie(TypedDict): name: str year: int # This function expects two keyword arguments - *name* of type `str` and # *year* of type `int`. def foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Movie]): ... Note that there is only some runtime checking of this operator. Not everything the runtime allows may be accepted by static type checkers. For more information, see PEP 646 and PEP 692. """ # PEP 692 changed the repr of Unpack[] # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/104048 if sys.version_info >= (3, 12): Unpack = typing.Unpack def _is_unpack(obj): return get_origin(obj) is Unpack else: # <=3.11 class _UnpackSpecialForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True): def __init__(self, getitem): super().__init__(getitem) self.__doc__ = _UNPACK_DOC class _UnpackAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True): if sys.version_info < (3, 11): # needed for compatibility with Generic[Unpack[Ts]] __class__ = typing.TypeVar @property def __typing_unpacked_tuple_args__(self): assert self.__origin__ is Unpack assert len(self.__args__) == 1 arg, = self.__args__ if isinstance(arg, (typing._GenericAlias, _types.GenericAlias)): if arg.__origin__ is not tuple: raise TypeError("Unpack[...] must be used with a tuple type") return arg.__args__ return None @property def __typing_is_unpacked_typevartuple__(self): assert self.__origin__ is Unpack assert len(self.__args__) == 1 return isinstance(self.__args__[0], TypeVarTuple) def __getitem__(self, args): if self.__typing_is_unpacked_typevartuple__: return args return super().__getitem__(args) @_UnpackSpecialForm def Unpack(self, parameters): item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.') return _UnpackAlias(self, (item,)) def _is_unpack(obj): return isinstance(obj, _UnpackAlias) def _unpack_args(*args): newargs = [] for arg in args: subargs = getattr(arg, '__typing_unpacked_tuple_args__', None) if subargs is not None and (not (subargs and subargs[-1] is ...)): newargs.extend(subargs) else: newargs.append(arg) return newargs if _PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED: from typing import TypeVarTuple elif hasattr(typing, "TypeVarTuple"): # 3.11+ # Add default parameter - PEP 696 class TypeVarTuple(metaclass=_TypeVarLikeMeta): """Type variable tuple.""" _backported_typevarlike = typing.TypeVarTuple def __new__(cls, name, *, default=NoDefault): tvt = typing.TypeVarTuple(name) _set_default(tvt, default) _set_module(tvt) def _typevartuple_prepare_subst(alias, args): params = alias.__parameters__ typevartuple_index = params.index(tvt) for param in params[typevartuple_index + 1:]: if isinstance(param, TypeVarTuple): raise TypeError( f"More than one TypeVarTuple parameter in {alias}" ) alen = len(args) plen = len(params) left = typevartuple_index right = plen - typevartuple_index - 1 var_tuple_index = None fillarg = None for k, arg in enumerate(args): if not isinstance(arg, type): subargs = getattr(arg, '__typing_unpacked_tuple_args__', None) if subargs and len(subargs) == 2 and subargs[-1] is ...: if var_tuple_index is not None: raise TypeError( "More than one unpacked " "arbitrary-length tuple argument" ) var_tuple_index = k fillarg = subargs[0] if var_tuple_index is not None: left = min(left, var_tuple_index) right = min(right, alen - var_tuple_index - 1) elif left + right > alen: raise TypeError(f"Too few arguments for {alias};" f" actual {alen}, expected at least {plen - 1}") if left == alen - right and tvt.has_default(): replacement = _unpack_args(tvt.__default__) else: replacement = args[left: alen - right] return ( *args[:left], *([fillarg] * (typevartuple_index - left)), replacement, *([fillarg] * (plen - right - left - typevartuple_index - 1)), *args[alen - right:], ) tvt.__typing_prepare_subst__ = _typevartuple_prepare_subst return tvt def __init_subclass__(self, *args, **kwds): raise TypeError("Cannot subclass special typing classes") else: # <=3.10 class TypeVarTuple(_DefaultMixin): """Type variable tuple. Usage:: Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts') In the same way that a normal type variable is a stand-in for a single type such as ``int``, a type variable *tuple* is a stand-in for a *tuple* type such as ``Tuple[int, str]``. Type variable tuples can be used in ``Generic`` declarations. Consider the following example:: class Array(Generic[*Ts]): ... The ``Ts`` type variable tuple here behaves like ``tuple[T1, T2]``, where ``T1`` and ``T2`` are type variables. To use these type variables as type parameters of ``Array``, we must *unpack* the type variable tuple using the star operator: ``*Ts``. The signature of ``Array`` then behaves as if we had simply written ``class Array(Generic[T1, T2]): ...``. In contrast to ``Generic[T1, T2]``, however, ``Generic[*Shape]`` allows us to parameterise the class with an *arbitrary* number of type parameters. Type variable tuples can be used anywhere a normal ``TypeVar`` can. This includes class definitions, as shown above, as well as function signatures and variable annotations:: class Array(Generic[*Ts]): def __init__(self, shape: Tuple[*Ts]): self._shape: Tuple[*Ts] = shape def get_shape(self) -> Tuple[*Ts]: return self._shape shape = (Height(480), Width(640)) x: Array[Height, Width] = Array(shape) y = abs(x) # Inferred type is Array[Height, Width] z = x + x # ... is Array[Height, Width] x.get_shape() # ... is tuple[Height, Width] """ # Trick Generic __parameters__. __class__ = typing.TypeVar def __iter__(self): yield self.__unpacked__ def __init__(self, name, *, default=NoDefault): self.__name__ = name _DefaultMixin.__init__(self, default) # for pickling: def_mod = _caller() if def_mod != 'typing_extensions': self.__module__ = def_mod self.__unpacked__ = Unpack[self] def __repr__(self): return self.__name__ def __hash__(self): return object.__hash__(self) def __eq__(self, other): return self is other def __reduce__(self): return self.__name__ def __init_subclass__(self, *args, **kwds): if '_root' not in kwds: raise TypeError("Cannot subclass special typing classes") if hasattr(typing, "reveal_type"): # 3.11+ reveal_type = typing.reveal_type else: # <=3.10 def reveal_type(obj: T, /) -> T: """Reveal the inferred type of a variable. When a static type checker encounters a call to ``reveal_type()``, it will emit the inferred type of the argument:: x: int = 1 reveal_type(x) Running a static type checker (e.g., ``mypy``) on this example will produce output similar to 'Revealed type is "builtins.int"'. At runtime, the function prints the runtime type of the argument and returns it unchanged. """ print(f"Runtime type is {type(obj).__name__!r}", file=sys.stderr) return obj if hasattr(typing, "_ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH"): # 3.11+ _ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH = typing._ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH else: # <=3.10 _ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH = 100 if hasattr(typing, "assert_never"): # 3.11+ assert_never = typing.assert_never else: # <=3.10 def assert_never(arg: Never, /) -> Never: """Assert to the type checker that a line of code is unreachable. Example:: def int_or_str(arg: int | str) -> None: match arg: case int(): print("It's an int") case str(): print("It's a str") case _: assert_never(arg) If a type checker finds that a call to assert_never() is reachable, it will emit an error. At runtime, this throws an exception when called. """ value = repr(arg) if len(value) > _ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH: value = value[:_ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH] + '...' raise AssertionError(f"Expected code to be unreachable, but got: {value}") # dataclass_transform exists in 3.11 but lacks the frozen_default parameter # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/99958 if sys.version_info >= (3, 12): # 3.12+ dataclass_transform = typing.dataclass_transform else: # <=3.11 def dataclass_transform( *, eq_default: bool = True, order_default: bool = False, kw_only_default: bool = False, frozen_default: bool = False, field_specifiers: typing.Tuple[ typing.Union[typing.Type[typing.Any], typing.Callable[..., typing.Any]], ... ] = (), **kwargs: typing.Any, ) -> typing.Callable[[T], T]: """Decorator that marks a function, class, or metaclass as providing dataclass-like behavior. Example: from typing_extensions import dataclass_transform _T = TypeVar("_T") # Used on a decorator function @dataclass_transform() def create_model(cls: type[_T]) -> type[_T]: ... return cls @create_model class CustomerModel: id: int name: str # Used on a base class @dataclass_transform() class ModelBase: ... class CustomerModel(ModelBase): id: int name: str # Used on a metaclass @dataclass_transform() class ModelMeta(type): ... class ModelBase(metaclass=ModelMeta): ... class CustomerModel(ModelBase): id: int name: str Each of the ``CustomerModel`` classes defined in this example will now behave similarly to a dataclass created with the ``@dataclasses.dataclass`` decorator. For example, the type checker will synthesize an ``__init__`` method. The arguments to this decorator can be used to customize this behavior: - ``eq_default`` indicates whether the ``eq`` parameter is assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller. - ``order_default`` indicates whether the ``order`` parameter is assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller. - ``kw_only_default`` indicates whether the ``kw_only`` parameter is assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller. - ``frozen_default`` indicates whether the ``frozen`` parameter is assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller. - ``field_specifiers`` specifies a static list of supported classes or functions that describe fields, similar to ``dataclasses.field()``. At runtime, this decorator records its arguments in the ``__dataclass_transform__`` attribute on the decorated object. See PEP 681 for details. """ def decorator(cls_or_fn): cls_or_fn.__dataclass_transform__ = { "eq_default": eq_default, "order_default": order_default, "kw_only_default": kw_only_default, "frozen_default": frozen_default, "field_specifiers": field_specifiers, "kwargs": kwargs, } return cls_or_fn return decorator if hasattr(typing, "override"): # 3.12+ override = typing.override else: # <=3.11 _F = typing.TypeVar("_F", bound=typing.Callable[..., typing.Any]) def override(arg: _F, /) -> _F: """Indicate that a method is intended to override a method in a base class. Usage: class Base: def method(self) -> None: pass class Child(Base): @override def method(self) -> None: super().method() When this decorator is applied to a method, the type checker will validate that it overrides a method with the same name on a base class. This helps prevent bugs that may occur when a base class is changed without an equivalent change to a child class. There is no runtime checking of these properties. The decorator sets the ``__override__`` attribute to ``True`` on the decorated object to allow runtime introspection. See PEP 698 for details. """ try: arg.__override__ = True except (AttributeError, TypeError): # Skip the attribute silently if it is not writable. # AttributeError happens if the object has __slots__ or a # read-only property, TypeError if it's a builtin class. pass return arg # Python 3.13.3+ contains a fix for the wrapped __new__ # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/132160 if sys.version_info >= (3, 13, 3): deprecated = warnings.deprecated else: _T = typing.TypeVar("_T") class deprecated: """Indicate that a class, function or overload is deprecated. When this decorator is applied to an object, the type checker will generate a diagnostic on usage of the deprecated object. Usage: @deprecated("Use B instead") class A: pass @deprecated("Use g instead") def f(): pass @overload @deprecated("int support is deprecated") def g(x: int) -> int: ... @overload def g(x: str) -> int: ... The warning specified by *category* will be emitted at runtime on use of deprecated objects. For functions, that happens on calls; for classes, on instantiation and on creation of subclasses. If the *category* is ``None``, no warning is emitted at runtime. The *stacklevel* determines where the warning is emitted. If it is ``1`` (the default), the warning is emitted at the direct caller of the deprecated object; if it is higher, it is emitted further up the stack. Static type checker behavior is not affected by the *category* and *stacklevel* arguments. The deprecation message passed to the decorator is saved in the ``__deprecated__`` attribute on the decorated object. If applied to an overload, the decorator must be after the ``@overload`` decorator for the attribute to exist on the overload as returned by ``get_overloads()``. See PEP 702 for details. """ def __init__( self, message: str, /, *, category: typing.Optional[typing.Type[Warning]] = DeprecationWarning, stacklevel: int = 1, ) -> None: if not isinstance(message, str): raise TypeError( "Expected an object of type str for 'message', not " f"{type(message).__name__!r}" ) self.message = message self.category = category self.stacklevel = stacklevel def __call__(self, arg: _T, /) -> _T: # Make sure the inner functions created below don't # retain a reference to self. msg = self.message category = self.category stacklevel = self.stacklevel if category is None: arg.__deprecated__ = msg return arg elif isinstance(arg, type): import functools from types import MethodType original_new = arg.__new__ @functools.wraps(original_new) def __new__(cls, /, *args, **kwargs): if cls is arg: warnings.warn(msg, category=category, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1) if original_new is not object.__new__: return original_new(cls, *args, **kwargs) # Mirrors a similar check in object.__new__. elif cls.__init__ is object.__init__ and (args or kwargs): raise TypeError(f"{cls.__name__}() takes no arguments") else: return original_new(cls) arg.__new__ = staticmethod(__new__) original_init_subclass = arg.__init_subclass__ # We need slightly different behavior if __init_subclass__ # is a bound method (likely if it was implemented in Python) if isinstance(original_init_subclass, MethodType): original_init_subclass = original_init_subclass.__func__ @functools.wraps(original_init_subclass) def __init_subclass__(*args, **kwargs): warnings.warn(msg, category=category, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1) return original_init_subclass(*args, **kwargs) arg.__init_subclass__ = classmethod(__init_subclass__) # Or otherwise, which likely means it's a builtin such as # object's implementation of __init_subclass__. else: @functools.wraps(original_init_subclass) def __init_subclass__(*args, **kwargs): warnings.warn(msg, category=category, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1) return original_init_subclass(*args, **kwargs) arg.__init_subclass__ = __init_subclass__ arg.__deprecated__ = __new__.__deprecated__ = msg __init_subclass__.__deprecated__ = msg return arg elif callable(arg): import asyncio.coroutines import functools import inspect @functools.wraps(arg) def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): warnings.warn(msg, category=category, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1) return arg(*args, **kwargs) if asyncio.coroutines.iscoroutinefunction(arg): # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/99247 if sys.version_info >= (3, 12): wrapper = inspect.markcoroutinefunction(wrapper) else: wrapper._is_coroutine = asyncio.coroutines._is_coroutine arg.__deprecated__ = wrapper.__deprecated__ = msg return wrapper else: raise TypeError( "@deprecated decorator with non-None category must be applied to " f"a class or callable, not {arg!r}" ) # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/23702 if sys.version_info < (3, 10): def _is_param_expr(arg): return arg is ... or isinstance( arg, (tuple, list, ParamSpec, _ConcatenateGenericAlias) ) else: def _is_param_expr(arg): return arg is ... or isinstance( arg, ( tuple, list, ParamSpec, _ConcatenateGenericAlias, typing._ConcatenateGenericAlias, ), ) # We have to do some monkey patching to deal with the dual nature of # Unpack/TypeVarTuple: # - We want Unpack to be a kind of TypeVar so it gets accepted in # Generic[Unpack[Ts]] # - We want it to *not* be treated as a TypeVar for the purposes of # counting generic parameters, so that when we subscript a generic, # the runtime doesn't try to substitute the Unpack with the subscripted type. if not hasattr(typing, "TypeVarTuple"): def _check_generic(cls, parameters, elen=_marker): """Check correct count for parameters of a generic cls (internal helper). This gives a nice error message in case of count mismatch. """ # If substituting a single ParamSpec with multiple arguments # we do not check the count if (inspect.isclass(cls) and issubclass(cls, typing.Generic) and len(cls.__parameters__) == 1 and isinstance(cls.__parameters__[0], ParamSpec) and parameters and not _is_param_expr(parameters[0]) ): # Generic modifies parameters variable, but here we cannot do this return if not elen: raise TypeError(f"{cls} is not a generic class") if elen is _marker: if not hasattr(cls, "__parameters__") or not cls.__parameters__: raise TypeError(f"{cls} is not a generic class") elen = len(cls.__parameters__) alen = len(parameters) if alen != elen: expect_val = elen if hasattr(cls, "__parameters__"): parameters = [p for p in cls.__parameters__ if not _is_unpack(p)] num_tv_tuples = sum(isinstance(p, TypeVarTuple) for p in parameters) if (num_tv_tuples > 0) and (alen >= elen - num_tv_tuples): return # deal with TypeVarLike defaults # required TypeVarLikes cannot appear after a defaulted one. if alen < elen: # since we validate TypeVarLike default in _collect_type_vars # or _collect_parameters we can safely check parameters[alen] if ( getattr(parameters[alen], '__default__', NoDefault) is not NoDefault ): return num_default_tv = sum(getattr(p, '__default__', NoDefault) is not NoDefault for p in parameters) elen -= num_default_tv expect_val = f"at least {elen}" # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/27515 things = "arguments" if sys.version_info >= (3, 10) else "parameters" raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if alen > elen else 'few'} {things}" f" for {cls}; actual {alen}, expected {expect_val}") else: # Python 3.11+ def _check_generic(cls, parameters, elen): """Check correct count for parameters of a generic cls (internal helper). This gives a nice error message in case of count mismatch. """ if not elen: raise TypeError(f"{cls} is not a generic class") alen = len(parameters) if alen != elen: expect_val = elen if hasattr(cls, "__parameters__"): parameters = [p for p in cls.__parameters__ if not _is_unpack(p)] # deal with TypeVarLike defaults # required TypeVarLikes cannot appear after a defaulted one. if alen < elen: # since we validate TypeVarLike default in _collect_type_vars # or _collect_parameters we can safely check parameters[alen] if ( getattr(parameters[alen], '__default__', NoDefault) is not NoDefault ): return num_default_tv = sum(getattr(p, '__default__', NoDefault) is not NoDefault for p in parameters) elen -= num_default_tv expect_val = f"at least {elen}" raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if alen > elen else 'few'} arguments" f" for {cls}; actual {alen}, expected {expect_val}") if not _PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED: typing._check_generic = _check_generic def _has_generic_or_protocol_as_origin() -> bool: try: frame = sys._getframe(2) # - Catch AttributeError: not all Python implementations have sys._getframe() # - Catch ValueError: maybe we're called from an unexpected module # and the call stack isn't deep enough except (AttributeError, ValueError): return False # err on the side of leniency else: # If we somehow get invoked from outside typing.py, # also err on the side of leniency if frame.f_globals.get("__name__") != "typing": return False origin = frame.f_locals.get("origin") # Cannot use "in" because origin may be an object with a buggy __eq__ that # throws an error. return origin is typing.Generic or origin is Protocol or origin is typing.Protocol _TYPEVARTUPLE_TYPES = {TypeVarTuple, getattr(typing, "TypeVarTuple", None)} def _is_unpacked_typevartuple(x) -> bool: if get_origin(x) is not Unpack: return False args = get_args(x) return ( bool(args) and len(args) == 1 and type(args[0]) in _TYPEVARTUPLE_TYPES ) # Python 3.11+ _collect_type_vars was renamed to _collect_parameters if hasattr(typing, '_collect_type_vars'): def _collect_type_vars(types, typevar_types=None): """Collect all type variable contained in types in order of first appearance (lexicographic order). For example:: _collect_type_vars((T, List[S, T])) == (T, S) """ if typevar_types is None: typevar_types = typing.TypeVar tvars = [] # A required TypeVarLike cannot appear after a TypeVarLike with a default # if it was a direct call to `Generic[]` or `Protocol[]` enforce_default_ordering = _has_generic_or_protocol_as_origin() default_encountered = False # Also, a TypeVarLike with a default cannot appear after a TypeVarTuple type_var_tuple_encountered = False for t in types: if _is_unpacked_typevartuple(t): type_var_tuple_encountered = True elif ( isinstance(t, typevar_types) and not isinstance(t, _UnpackAlias) and t not in tvars ): if enforce_default_ordering: has_default = getattr(t, '__default__', NoDefault) is not NoDefault if has_default: if type_var_tuple_encountered: raise TypeError('Type parameter with a default' ' follows TypeVarTuple') default_encountered = True elif default_encountered: raise TypeError(f'Type parameter {t!r} without a default' ' follows type parameter with a default') tvars.append(t) if _should_collect_from_parameters(t): tvars.extend([t for t in t.__parameters__ if t not in tvars]) elif isinstance(t, tuple): # Collect nested type_vars # tuple wrapped by _prepare_paramspec_params(cls, params) for x in t: for collected in _collect_type_vars([x]): if collected not in tvars: tvars.append(collected) return tuple(tvars) typing._collect_type_vars = _collect_type_vars else: def _collect_parameters(args): """Collect all type variables and parameter specifications in args in order of first appearance (lexicographic order). For example:: assert _collect_parameters((T, Callable[P, T])) == (T, P) """ parameters = [] # A required TypeVarLike cannot appear after a TypeVarLike with default # if it was a direct call to `Generic[]` or `Protocol[]` enforce_default_ordering = _has_generic_or_protocol_as_origin() default_encountered = False # Also, a TypeVarLike with a default cannot appear after a TypeVarTuple type_var_tuple_encountered = False for t in args: if isinstance(t, type): # We don't want __parameters__ descriptor of a bare Python class. pass elif isinstance(t, tuple): # `t` might be a tuple, when `ParamSpec` is substituted with # `[T, int]`, or `[int, *Ts]`, etc. for x in t: for collected in _collect_parameters([x]): if collected not in parameters: parameters.append(collected) elif hasattr(t, '__typing_subst__'): if t not in parameters: if enforce_default_ordering: has_default = ( getattr(t, '__default__', NoDefault) is not NoDefault ) if type_var_tuple_encountered and has_default: raise TypeError('Type parameter with a default' ' follows TypeVarTuple') if has_default: default_encountered = True elif default_encountered: raise TypeError(f'Type parameter {t!r} without a default' ' follows type parameter with a default') parameters.append(t) else: if _is_unpacked_typevartuple(t): type_var_tuple_encountered = True for x in getattr(t, '__parameters__', ()): if x not in parameters: parameters.append(x) return tuple(parameters) if not _PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED: typing._collect_parameters = _collect_parameters # Backport typing.NamedTuple as it exists in Python 3.13. # In 3.11, the ability to define generic `NamedTuple`s was supported. # This was explicitly disallowed in 3.9-3.10, and only half-worked in <=3.8. # On 3.12, we added __orig_bases__ to call-based NamedTuples # On 3.13, we deprecated kwargs-based NamedTuples # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/105609 if sys.version_info >= (3, 13): NamedTuple = typing.NamedTuple else: def _make_nmtuple(name, types, module, defaults=()): fields = [n for n, t in types] annotations = {n: typing._type_check(t, f"field {n} annotation must be a type") for n, t in types} nm_tpl = collections.namedtuple(name, fields, defaults=defaults, module=module) nm_tpl.__annotations__ = nm_tpl.__new__.__annotations__ = annotations return nm_tpl _prohibited_namedtuple_fields = typing._prohibited _special_namedtuple_fields = frozenset({'__module__', '__name__', '__annotations__'}) class _NamedTupleMeta(type): def __new__(cls, typename, bases, ns): assert _NamedTuple in bases for base in bases: if base is not _NamedTuple and base is not typing.Generic: raise TypeError( 'can only inherit from a NamedTuple type and Generic') bases = tuple(tuple if base is _NamedTuple else base for base in bases) if "__annotations__" in ns: types = ns["__annotations__"] elif "__annotate__" in ns: # TODO: Use inspect.VALUE here, and make the annotations lazily evaluated types = ns["__annotate__"](1) else: types = {} default_names = [] for field_name in types: if field_name in ns: default_names.append(field_name) elif default_names: raise TypeError(f"Non-default namedtuple field {field_name} " f"cannot follow default field" f"{'s' if len(default_names) > 1 else ''} " f"{', '.join(default_names)}") nm_tpl = _make_nmtuple( typename, types.items(), defaults=[ns[n] for n in default_names], module=ns['__module__'] ) nm_tpl.__bases__ = bases if typing.Generic in bases: if hasattr(typing, '_generic_class_getitem'): # 3.12+ nm_tpl.__class_getitem__ = classmethod(typing._generic_class_getitem) else: class_getitem = typing.Generic.__class_getitem__.__func__ nm_tpl.__class_getitem__ = classmethod(class_getitem) # update from user namespace without overriding special namedtuple attributes for key, val in ns.items(): if key in _prohibited_namedtuple_fields: raise AttributeError("Cannot overwrite NamedTuple attribute " + key) elif key not in _special_namedtuple_fields: if key not in nm_tpl._fields: setattr(nm_tpl, key, ns[key]) try: set_name = type(val).__set_name__ except AttributeError: pass else: try: set_name(val, nm_tpl, key) except BaseException as e: msg = ( f"Error calling __set_name__ on {type(val).__name__!r} " f"instance {key!r} in {typename!r}" ) # BaseException.add_note() existed on py311, # but the __set_name__ machinery didn't start # using add_note() until py312. # Making sure exceptions are raised in the same way # as in "normal" classes seems most important here. # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/95915 if sys.version_info >= (3, 12): e.add_note(msg) raise else: raise RuntimeError(msg) from e if typing.Generic in bases: nm_tpl.__init_subclass__() return nm_tpl _NamedTuple = type.__new__(_NamedTupleMeta, 'NamedTuple', (), {}) def _namedtuple_mro_entries(bases): assert NamedTuple in bases return (_NamedTuple,) def NamedTuple(typename, fields=_marker, /, **kwargs): """Typed version of namedtuple. Usage:: class Employee(NamedTuple): name: str id: int This is equivalent to:: Employee = collections.namedtuple('Employee', ['name', 'id']) The resulting class has an extra __annotations__ attribute, giving a dict that maps field names to types. (The field names are also in the _fields attribute, which is part of the namedtuple API.) An alternative equivalent functional syntax is also accepted:: Employee = NamedTuple('Employee', [('name', str), ('id', int)]) """ if fields is _marker: if kwargs: deprecated_thing = "Creating NamedTuple classes using keyword arguments" deprecation_msg = ( "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. " "Use the class-based or functional syntax instead." ) else: deprecated_thing = "Failing to pass a value for the 'fields' parameter" example = f"`{typename} = NamedTuple({typename!r}, [])`" deprecation_msg = ( "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. " "To create a NamedTuple class with 0 fields " "using the functional syntax, " "pass an empty list, e.g. " ) + example + "." elif fields is None: if kwargs: raise TypeError( "Cannot pass `None` as the 'fields' parameter " "and also specify fields using keyword arguments" ) else: deprecated_thing = "Passing `None` as the 'fields' parameter" example = f"`{typename} = NamedTuple({typename!r}, [])`" deprecation_msg = ( "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. " "To create a NamedTuple class with 0 fields " "using the functional syntax, " "pass an empty list, e.g. " ) + example + "." elif kwargs: raise TypeError("Either list of fields or keywords" " can be provided to NamedTuple, not both") if fields is _marker or fields is None: warnings.warn( deprecation_msg.format(name=deprecated_thing, remove="3.15"), DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) fields = kwargs.items() nt = _make_nmtuple(typename, fields, module=_caller()) nt.__orig_bases__ = (NamedTuple,) return nt NamedTuple.__mro_entries__ = _namedtuple_mro_entries if hasattr(collections.abc, "Buffer"): Buffer = collections.abc.Buffer else: class Buffer(abc.ABC): # noqa: B024 """Base class for classes that implement the buffer protocol. The buffer protocol allows Python objects to expose a low-level memory buffer interface. Before Python 3.12, it is not possible to implement the buffer protocol in pure Python code, or even to check whether a class implements the buffer protocol. In Python 3.12 and higher, the ``__buffer__`` method allows access to the buffer protocol from Python code, and the ``collections.abc.Buffer`` ABC allows checking whether a class implements the buffer protocol. To indicate support for the buffer protocol in earlier versions, inherit from this ABC, either in a stub file or at runtime, or use ABC registration. This ABC provides no methods, because there is no Python-accessible methods shared by pre-3.12 buffer classes. It is useful primarily for static checks. """ # As a courtesy, register the most common stdlib buffer classes. Buffer.register(memoryview) Buffer.register(bytearray) Buffer.register(bytes) # Backport of types.get_original_bases, available on 3.12+ in CPython if hasattr(_types, "get_original_bases"): get_original_bases = _types.get_original_bases else: def get_original_bases(cls, /): """Return the class's "original" bases prior to modification by `__mro_entries__`. Examples:: from typing import TypeVar, Generic from typing_extensions import NamedTuple, TypedDict T = TypeVar("T") class Foo(Generic[T]): ... class Bar(Foo[int], float): ... class Baz(list[str]): ... Eggs = NamedTuple("Eggs", [("a", int), ("b", str)]) Spam = TypedDict("Spam", {"a": int, "b": str}) assert get_original_bases(Bar) == (Foo[int], float) assert get_original_bases(Baz) == (list[str],) assert get_original_bases(Eggs) == (NamedTuple,) assert get_original_bases(Spam) == (TypedDict,) assert get_original_bases(int) == (object,) """ try: return cls.__dict__.get("__orig_bases__", cls.__bases__) except AttributeError: raise TypeError( f'Expected an instance of type, not {type(cls).__name__!r}' ) from None # NewType is a class on Python 3.10+, making it pickleable # The error message for subclassing instances of NewType was improved on 3.11+ # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/30268 if sys.version_info >= (3, 11): NewType = typing.NewType else: class NewType: """NewType creates simple unique types with almost zero runtime overhead. NewType(name, tp) is considered a subtype of tp by static type checkers. At runtime, NewType(name, tp) returns a dummy callable that simply returns its argument. Usage:: UserId = NewType('UserId', int) def name_by_id(user_id: UserId) -> str: ... UserId('user') # Fails type check name_by_id(42) # Fails type check name_by_id(UserId(42)) # OK num = UserId(5) + 1 # type: int """ def __call__(self, obj, /): return obj def __init__(self, name, tp): self.__qualname__ = name if '.' in name: name = name.rpartition('.')[-1] self.__name__ = name self.__supertype__ = tp def_mod = _caller() if def_mod != 'typing_extensions': self.__module__ = def_mod def __mro_entries__(self, bases): # We defined __mro_entries__ to get a better error message # if a user attempts to subclass a NewType instance. bpo-46170 supercls_name = self.__name__ class Dummy: def __init_subclass__(cls): subcls_name = cls.__name__ raise TypeError( f"Cannot subclass an instance of NewType. " f"Perhaps you were looking for: " f"`{subcls_name} = NewType({subcls_name!r}, {supercls_name})`" ) return (Dummy,) def __repr__(self): return f'{self.__module__}.{self.__qualname__}' def __reduce__(self): return self.__qualname__ # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/21515 if sys.version_info >= (3, 10): # PEP 604 methods # It doesn't make sense to have these methods on Python <3.10 def __or__(self, other): return typing.Union[self, other] def __ror__(self, other): return typing.Union[other, self] # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/124795 if sys.version_info >= (3, 14): TypeAliasType = typing.TypeAliasType # <=3.13 else: # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/103764 if sys.version_info >= (3, 12): # 3.12-3.13 def _is_unionable(obj): """Corresponds to is_unionable() in unionobject.c in CPython.""" return obj is None or isinstance(obj, ( type, _types.GenericAlias, _types.UnionType, typing.TypeAliasType, TypeAliasType, )) else: # <=3.11 def _is_unionable(obj): """Corresponds to is_unionable() in unionobject.c in CPython.""" return obj is None or isinstance(obj, ( type, _types.GenericAlias, _types.UnionType, TypeAliasType, )) if sys.version_info < (3, 10): # Copied and pasted from https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/986a4e1b6fcae7fe7a1d0a26aea446107dd58dd2/Objects/genericaliasobject.c#L568-L582, # so that we emulate the behaviour of `types.GenericAlias` # on the latest versions of CPython _ATTRIBUTE_DELEGATION_EXCLUSIONS = frozenset({ "__class__", "__bases__", "__origin__", "__args__", "__unpacked__", "__parameters__", "__typing_unpacked_tuple_args__", "__mro_entries__", "__reduce_ex__", "__reduce__", "__copy__", "__deepcopy__", }) class _TypeAliasGenericAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True): def __getattr__(self, attr): if attr in _ATTRIBUTE_DELEGATION_EXCLUSIONS: return object.__getattr__(self, attr) return getattr(self.__origin__, attr) class TypeAliasType: """Create named, parameterized type aliases. This provides a backport of the new `type` statement in Python 3.12: type ListOrSet[T] = list[T] | set[T] is equivalent to: T = TypeVar("T") ListOrSet = TypeAliasType("ListOrSet", list[T] | set[T], type_params=(T,)) The name ListOrSet can then be used as an alias for the type it refers to. The type_params argument should contain all the type parameters used in the value of the type alias. If the alias is not generic, this argument is omitted. Static type checkers should only support type aliases declared using TypeAliasType that follow these rules: - The first argument (the name) must be a string literal. - The TypeAliasType instance must be immediately assigned to a variable of the same name. (For example, 'X = TypeAliasType("Y", int)' is invalid, as is 'X, Y = TypeAliasType("X", int), TypeAliasType("Y", int)'). """ def __init__(self, name: str, value, *, type_params=()): if not isinstance(name, str): raise TypeError("TypeAliasType name must be a string") if not isinstance(type_params, tuple): raise TypeError("type_params must be a tuple") self.__value__ = value self.__type_params__ = type_params default_value_encountered = False parameters = [] for type_param in type_params: if ( not isinstance(type_param, (TypeVar, TypeVarTuple, ParamSpec)) # <=3.11 # Unpack Backport passes isinstance(type_param, TypeVar) or _is_unpack(type_param) ): raise TypeError(f"Expected a type param, got {type_param!r}") has_default = ( getattr(type_param, '__default__', NoDefault) is not NoDefault ) if default_value_encountered and not has_default: raise TypeError(f"non-default type parameter '{type_param!r}'" " follows default type parameter") if has_default: default_value_encountered = True if isinstance(type_param, TypeVarTuple): parameters.extend(type_param) else: parameters.append(type_param) self.__parameters__ = tuple(parameters) def_mod = _caller() if def_mod != 'typing_extensions': self.__module__ = def_mod # Setting this attribute closes the TypeAliasType from further modification self.__name__ = name def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: object, /) -> None: if hasattr(self, "__name__"): self._raise_attribute_error(name) super().__setattr__(name, value) def __delattr__(self, name: str, /) -> Never: self._raise_attribute_error(name) def _raise_attribute_error(self, name: str) -> Never: # Match the Python 3.12 error messages exactly if name == "__name__": raise AttributeError("readonly attribute") elif name in {"__value__", "__type_params__", "__parameters__", "__module__"}: raise AttributeError( f"attribute '{name}' of 'typing.TypeAliasType' objects " "is not writable" ) else: raise AttributeError( f"'typing.TypeAliasType' object has no attribute '{name}'" ) def __repr__(self) -> str: return self.__name__ if sys.version_info < (3, 11): def _check_single_param(self, param, recursion=0): # Allow [], [int], [int, str], [int, ...], [int, T] if param is ...: return ... if param is None: return None # Note in <= 3.9 _ConcatenateGenericAlias inherits from list if isinstance(param, list) and recursion == 0: return [self._check_single_param(arg, recursion+1) for arg in param] return typing._type_check( param, f'Subscripting {self.__name__} requires a type.' ) def _check_parameters(self, parameters): if sys.version_info < (3, 11): return tuple( self._check_single_param(item) for item in parameters ) return tuple(typing._type_check( item, f'Subscripting {self.__name__} requires a type.' ) for item in parameters ) def __getitem__(self, parameters): if not self.__type_params__: raise TypeError("Only generic type aliases are subscriptable") if not isinstance(parameters, tuple): parameters = (parameters,) # Using 3.9 here will create problems with Concatenate if sys.version_info >= (3, 10): return _types.GenericAlias(self, parameters) type_vars = _collect_type_vars(parameters) parameters = self._check_parameters(parameters) alias = _TypeAliasGenericAlias(self, parameters) # alias.__parameters__ is not complete if Concatenate is present # as it is converted to a list from which no parameters are extracted. if alias.__parameters__ != type_vars: alias.__parameters__ = type_vars return alias def __reduce__(self): return self.__name__ def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs): raise TypeError( "type 'typing_extensions.TypeAliasType' is not an acceptable base type" ) # The presence of this method convinces typing._type_check # that TypeAliasTypes are types. def __call__(self): raise TypeError("Type alias is not callable") # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/21515 if sys.version_info >= (3, 10): def __or__(self, right): # For forward compatibility with 3.12, reject Unions # that are not accepted by the built-in Union. if not _is_unionable(right): return NotImplemented return typing.Union[self, right] def __ror__(self, left): if not _is_unionable(left): return NotImplemented return typing.Union[left, self] if hasattr(typing, "is_protocol"): is_protocol = typing.is_protocol get_protocol_members = typing.get_protocol_members else: def is_protocol(tp: type, /) -> bool: """Return True if the given type is a Protocol. Example:: >>> from typing_extensions import Protocol, is_protocol >>> class P(Protocol): ... def a(self) -> str: ... ... b: int >>> is_protocol(P) True >>> is_protocol(int) False """ return ( isinstance(tp, type) and getattr(tp, '_is_protocol', False) and tp is not Protocol and tp is not typing.Protocol ) def get_protocol_members(tp: type, /) -> typing.FrozenSet[str]: """Return the set of members defined in a Protocol. Example:: >>> from typing_extensions import Protocol, get_protocol_members >>> class P(Protocol): ... def a(self) -> str: ... ... b: int >>> get_protocol_members(P) frozenset({'a', 'b'}) Raise a TypeError for arguments that are not Protocols. """ if not is_protocol(tp): raise TypeError(f'{tp!r} is not a Protocol') if hasattr(tp, '__protocol_attrs__'): return frozenset(tp.__protocol_attrs__) return frozenset(_get_protocol_attrs(tp)) if hasattr(typing, "Doc"): Doc = typing.Doc else: class Doc: """Define the documentation of a type annotation using ``Annotated``, to be used in class attributes, function and method parameters, return values, and variables. The value should be a positional-only string literal to allow static tools like editors and documentation generators to use it. This complements docstrings. The string value passed is available in the attribute ``documentation``. Example:: >>> from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc >>> def hi(to: Annotated[str, Doc("Who to say hi to")]) -> None: ... """ def __init__(self, documentation: str, /) -> None: self.documentation = documentation def __repr__(self) -> str: return f"Doc({self.documentation!r})" def __hash__(self) -> int: return hash(self.documentation) def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool: if not isinstance(other, Doc): return NotImplemented return self.documentation == other.documentation _CapsuleType = getattr(_types, "CapsuleType", None) if _CapsuleType is None: try: import _socket except ImportError: pass else: _CAPI = getattr(_socket, "CAPI", None) if _CAPI is not None: _CapsuleType = type(_CAPI) if _CapsuleType is not None: CapsuleType = _CapsuleType __all__.append("CapsuleType") if sys.version_info >= (3, 14): from annotationlib import Format, get_annotations else: # Available since Python 3.14.0a3 # PR: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/124415 class Format(enum.IntEnum): VALUE = 1 VALUE_WITH_FAKE_GLOBALS = 2 FORWARDREF = 3 STRING = 4 # Available since Python 3.14.0a1 # PR: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/119891 def get_annotations(obj, *, globals=None, locals=None, eval_str=False, format=Format.VALUE): """Compute the annotations dict for an object. obj may be a callable, class, or module. Passing in an object of any other type raises TypeError. Returns a dict. get_annotations() returns a new dict every time it's called; calling it twice on the same object will return two different but equivalent dicts. This is a backport of `inspect.get_annotations`, which has been in the standard library since Python 3.10. See the standard library documentation for more: https://docs.python.org/3/library/inspect.html#inspect.get_annotations This backport adds the *format* argument introduced by PEP 649. The three formats supported are: * VALUE: the annotations are returned as-is. This is the default and it is compatible with the behavior on previous Python versions. * FORWARDREF: return annotations as-is if possible, but replace any undefined names with ForwardRef objects. The implementation proposed by PEP 649 relies on language changes that cannot be backported; the typing-extensions implementation simply returns the same result as VALUE. * STRING: return annotations as strings, in a format close to the original source. Again, this behavior cannot be replicated directly in a backport. As an approximation, typing-extensions retrieves the annotations under VALUE semantics and then stringifies them. The purpose of this backport is to allow users who would like to use FORWARDREF or STRING semantics once PEP 649 is implemented, but who also want to support earlier Python versions, to simply write: typing_extensions.get_annotations(obj, format=Format.FORWARDREF) """ format = Format(format) if format is Format.VALUE_WITH_FAKE_GLOBALS: raise ValueError( "The VALUE_WITH_FAKE_GLOBALS format is for internal use only" ) if eval_str and format is not Format.VALUE: raise ValueError("eval_str=True is only supported with format=Format.VALUE") if isinstance(obj, type): # class obj_dict = getattr(obj, '__dict__', None) if obj_dict and hasattr(obj_dict, 'get'): ann = obj_dict.get('__annotations__', None) if isinstance(ann, _types.GetSetDescriptorType): ann = None else: ann = None obj_globals = None module_name = getattr(obj, '__module__', None) if module_name: module = sys.modules.get(module_name, None) if module: obj_globals = getattr(module, '__dict__', None) obj_locals = dict(vars(obj)) unwrap = obj elif isinstance(obj, _types.ModuleType): # module ann = getattr(obj, '__annotations__', None) obj_globals = obj.__dict__ obj_locals = None unwrap = None elif callable(obj): # this includes types.Function, types.BuiltinFunctionType, # types.BuiltinMethodType, functools.partial, functools.singledispatch, # "class funclike" from Lib/test/test_inspect... on and on it goes. ann = getattr(obj, '__annotations__', None) obj_globals = getattr(obj, '__globals__', None) obj_locals = None unwrap = obj elif hasattr(obj, '__annotations__'): ann = obj.__annotations__ obj_globals = obj_locals = unwrap = None else: raise TypeError(f"{obj!r} is not a module, class, or callable.") if ann is None: return {} if not isinstance(ann, dict): raise ValueError(f"{obj!r}.__annotations__ is neither a dict nor None") if not ann: return {} if not eval_str: if format is Format.STRING: return { key: value if isinstance(value, str) else typing._type_repr(value) for key, value in ann.items() } return dict(ann) if unwrap is not None: while True: if hasattr(unwrap, '__wrapped__'): unwrap = unwrap.__wrapped__ continue if isinstance(unwrap, functools.partial): unwrap = unwrap.func continue break if hasattr(unwrap, "__globals__"): obj_globals = unwrap.__globals__ if globals is None: globals = obj_globals if locals is None: locals = obj_locals or {} # "Inject" type parameters into the local namespace # (unless they are shadowed by assignments *in* the local namespace), # as a way of emulating annotation scopes when calling `eval()` if type_params := getattr(obj, "__type_params__", ()): locals = {param.__name__: param for param in type_params} | locals return_value = {key: value if not isinstance(value, str) else eval(value, globals, locals) for key, value in ann.items() } return return_value if hasattr(typing, "evaluate_forward_ref"): evaluate_forward_ref = typing.evaluate_forward_ref else: # Implements annotationlib.ForwardRef.evaluate def _eval_with_owner( forward_ref, *, owner=None, globals=None, locals=None, type_params=None ): if forward_ref.__forward_evaluated__: return forward_ref.__forward_value__ if getattr(forward_ref, "__cell__", None) is not None: try: value = forward_ref.__cell__.cell_contents except ValueError: pass else: forward_ref.__forward_evaluated__ = True forward_ref.__forward_value__ = value return value if owner is None: owner = getattr(forward_ref, "__owner__", None) if ( globals is None and getattr(forward_ref, "__forward_module__", None) is not None ): globals = getattr( sys.modules.get(forward_ref.__forward_module__, None), "__dict__", None ) if globals is None: globals = getattr(forward_ref, "__globals__", None) if globals is None: if isinstance(owner, type): module_name = getattr(owner, "__module__", None) if module_name: module = sys.modules.get(module_name, None) if module: globals = getattr(module, "__dict__", None) elif isinstance(owner, _types.ModuleType): globals = getattr(owner, "__dict__", None) elif callable(owner): globals = getattr(owner, "__globals__", None) # If we pass None to eval() below, the globals of this module are used. if globals is None: globals = {} if locals is None: locals = {} if isinstance(owner, type): locals.update(vars(owner)) if type_params is None and owner is not None: # "Inject" type parameters into the local namespace # (unless they are shadowed by assignments *in* the local namespace), # as a way of emulating annotation scopes when calling `eval()` type_params = getattr(owner, "__type_params__", None) # Type parameters exist in their own scope, which is logically # between the locals and the globals. We simulate this by adding # them to the globals. if type_params is not None: globals = dict(globals) for param in type_params: globals[param.__name__] = param arg = forward_ref.__forward_arg__ if arg.isidentifier() and not keyword.iskeyword(arg): if arg in locals: value = locals[arg] elif arg in globals: value = globals[arg] elif hasattr(builtins, arg): return getattr(builtins, arg) else: raise NameError(arg) else: code = forward_ref.__forward_code__ value = eval(code, globals, locals) forward_ref.__forward_evaluated__ = True forward_ref.__forward_value__ = value return value def evaluate_forward_ref( forward_ref, *, owner=None, globals=None, locals=None, type_params=None, format=None, _recursive_guard=frozenset(), ): """Evaluate a forward reference as a type hint. This is similar to calling the ForwardRef.evaluate() method, but unlike that method, evaluate_forward_ref() also: * Recursively evaluates forward references nested within the type hint. * Rejects certain objects that are not valid type hints. * Replaces type hints that evaluate to None with types.NoneType. * Supports the *FORWARDREF* and *STRING* formats. *forward_ref* must be an instance of ForwardRef. *owner*, if given, should be the object that holds the annotations that the forward reference derived from, such as a module, class object, or function. It is used to infer the namespaces to use for looking up names. *globals* and *locals* can also be explicitly given to provide the global and local namespaces. *type_params* is a tuple of type parameters that are in scope when evaluating the forward reference. This parameter must be provided (though it may be an empty tuple) if *owner* is not given and the forward reference does not already have an owner set. *format* specifies the format of the annotation and is a member of the annotationlib.Format enum. """ if format == Format.STRING: return forward_ref.__forward_arg__ if forward_ref.__forward_arg__ in _recursive_guard: return forward_ref # Evaluate the forward reference try: value = _eval_with_owner( forward_ref, owner=owner, globals=globals, locals=locals, type_params=type_params, ) except NameError: if format == Format.FORWARDREF: return forward_ref else: raise if isinstance(value, str): value = ForwardRef(value) # Recursively evaluate the type if isinstance(value, ForwardRef): if getattr(value, "__forward_module__", True) is not None: globals = None return evaluate_forward_ref( value, globals=globals, locals=locals, type_params=type_params, owner=owner, _recursive_guard=_recursive_guard, format=format ) if sys.version_info < (3, 12, 5) and type_params: # Make use of type_params locals = dict(locals) if locals else {} for tvar in type_params: if tvar.__name__ not in locals: # lets not overwrite something present locals[tvar.__name__] = tvar if sys.version_info < (3, 12, 5): return typing._eval_type( value, globals, locals, recursive_guard=_recursive_guard | {forward_ref.__forward_arg__}, ) else: return typing._eval_type( value, globals, locals, type_params, recursive_guard=_recursive_guard | {forward_ref.__forward_arg__}, ) class Sentinel: """Create a unique sentinel object. *name* should be the name of the variable to which the return value shall be assigned. *repr*, if supplied, will be used for the repr of the sentinel object. If not provided, "<name>" will be used. """ def __init__( self, name: str, repr: typing.Optional[str] = None, ): self._name = name self._repr = repr if repr is not None else f'<{name}>' def __repr__(self): return self._repr if sys.version_info < (3, 11): # The presence of this method convinces typing._type_check # that Sentinels are types. def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): raise TypeError(f"{type(self).__name__!r} object is not callable") # Breakpoint: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/21515 if sys.version_info >= (3, 10): def __or__(self, other): return typing.Union[self, other] def __ror__(self, other): return typing.Union[other, self] def __getstate__(self): raise TypeError(f"Cannot pickle {type(self).__name__!r} object") if sys.version_info >= (3, 14, 0, "beta"): type_repr = annotationlib.type_repr else: def type_repr(value): """Convert a Python value to a format suitable for use with the STRING format. This is intended as a helper for tools that support the STRING format but do not have access to the code that originally produced the annotations. It uses repr() for most objects. """ if isinstance(value, (type, _types.FunctionType, _types.BuiltinFunctionType)): if value.__module__ == "builtins": return value.__qualname__ return f"{value.__module__}.{value.__qualname__}" if value is ...: return "..." return repr(value) # Aliases for items that are in typing in all supported versions. # We use hasattr() checks so this library will continue to import on # future versions of Python that may remove these names. _typing_names = [ "AbstractSet", "AnyStr", "BinaryIO", "Callable", "Collection", "Container", "Dict", "FrozenSet", "Hashable", "IO", "ItemsView", "Iterable", "Iterator", "KeysView", "List", "Mapping", "MappingView", "Match", "MutableMapping", "MutableSequence", "MutableSet", "Optional", "Pattern", "Reversible", "Sequence", "Set", "Sized", "TextIO", "Tuple", "Union", "ValuesView", "cast", "no_type_check", "no_type_check_decorator", # This is private, but it was defined by typing_extensions for a long time # and some users rely on it. "_AnnotatedAlias", ] globals().update( {name: getattr(typing, name) for name in _typing_names if hasattr(typing, name)} ) # These are defined unconditionally because they are used in # typing-extensions itself. Generic = typing.Generic ForwardRef = typing.ForwardRef Annotated = typing.Annotated
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